{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2169854089","doi":null,"title":"Exploring the Immunogenicity and Therapeutic Applications of Boranophosphate-modified RNA: siRNA and RNA Aptamers","display_name":"Exploring the Immunogenicity and Therapeutic Applications of Boranophosphate-modified RNA: siRNA and RNA Aptamers","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2169854089","mag":"2169854089"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dukespace.lib.duke.edu:10161/3882","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3882","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3882","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400687","display_name":"DukeSpace (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3882","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012966087","display_name":"Mariam L. Sharaf","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mariam L. Sharaf","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012966087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10432","display_name":"DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sirna","display_name":"siRNA","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-aptamers","display_name":"RNA aptamers","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-interference","display_name":"RNA interference","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunogenicity","display_name":"immunogenicity","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tlr7","display_name":"TLR7","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innate-immune-activation","display_name":"innate immune activation","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokine-production","display_name":"cytokine production","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleukin-6","display_name":"interleukin-6","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tnf-alpha","display_name":"TNF-\u03b1","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrophages","display_name":"macrophages","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oligonucleotide-therapeutics","display_name":"oligonucleotide therapeutics","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enzymatic-rna-synthesis","display_name":"enzymatic RNA synthesis","score":0.5590000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128972844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418722","display_name":"Aptamer","level":2,"score":0.8756450414657593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780868878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660197","display_name":"Immunogenicity","level":3,"score":0.8348510265350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.6562272310256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22615655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203221","display_name":"Small interfering RNA","level":4,"score":0.6453680992126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166703698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201993","display_name":"RNA interference","level":4,"score":0.5303213000297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.41399532556533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3606119751930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.3344905376434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.283594012260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.1891709566116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.15531015396118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.13801315426826477}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dukespace.lib.duke.edu:10161/3882","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3882","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3882","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400687","display_name":"DukeSpace (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2169854089","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/3882/1/Sharaf_duke_0066D_10942.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dukespace.lib.duke.edu:10161/3882","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3882","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3882","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400687","display_name":"DukeSpace (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8371999859809875,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2169854089.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2169854089.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":141,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W105345840","https://openalex.org/W196633107","https://openalex.org/W1499963171","https://openalex.org/W1527742565","https://openalex.org/W1548647709","https://openalex.org/W1591867940","https://openalex.org/W1596261235","https://openalex.org/W1647075334","https://openalex.org/W1678749080","https://openalex.org/W1922238526","https://openalex.org/W1923164049","https://openalex.org/W1931508686","https://openalex.org/W1963613302","https://openalex.org/W1964858690","https://openalex.org/W1967317528","https://openalex.org/W1968034613","https://openalex.org/W1968918175","https://openalex.org/W1969072247","https://openalex.org/W1970076580","https://openalex.org/W1970242262","https://openalex.org/W1971163634","https://openalex.org/W1971799655","https://openalex.org/W1974155519","https://openalex.org/W1976484755","https://openalex.org/W1977594275","https://openalex.org/W1978057048","https://openalex.org/W1979997504","https://openalex.org/W1980435339","https://openalex.org/W1981180126","https://openalex.org/W1982944995","https://openalex.org/W1985250489","https://openalex.org/W1987923389","https://openalex.org/W1989390776","https://openalex.org/W1989753758","https://openalex.org/W1991930393","https://openalex.org/W1992517046","https://openalex.org/W1994391392","https://openalex.org/W1997158105","https://openalex.org/W1999894089","https://openalex.org/W2001258492","https://openalex.org/W2003813442","https://openalex.org/W2004023033","https://openalex.org/W2005054559","https://openalex.org/W2009095852","https://openalex.org/W2009231522","https://openalex.org/W2011179702","https://openalex.org/W2011752055","https://openalex.org/W2012882322","https://openalex.org/W2014417628","https://openalex.org/W2014909608","https://openalex.org/W2019266641","https://openalex.org/W2019631541","https://openalex.org/W2019749608","https://openalex.org/W2019914799","https://openalex.org/W2020889498","https://openalex.org/W2023373190","https://openalex.org/W2025980739","https://openalex.org/W2027567110","https://openalex.org/W2029237269","https://openalex.org/W2029271422","https://openalex.org/W2029335572","https://openalex.org/W2029473819","https://openalex.org/W2030385161","https://openalex.org/W2036659707","https://openalex.org/W2037141750","https://openalex.org/W2038660811","https://openalex.org/W2039628136","https://openalex.org/W2042957352","https://openalex.org/W2043554260","https://openalex.org/W2043911313","https://openalex.org/W2046222637","https://openalex.org/W2046880909","https://openalex.org/W2049695132","https://openalex.org/W2050255731","https://openalex.org/W2051196796","https://openalex.org/W2053716401","https://openalex.org/W2054703112","https://openalex.org/W2056285082","https://openalex.org/W2056392188","https://openalex.org/W2058102458","https://openalex.org/W2061457302","https://openalex.org/W2062290881","https://openalex.org/W2067371216","https://openalex.org/W2067660191","https://openalex.org/W2074680101","https://openalex.org/W2078119356","https://openalex.org/W2079321730","https://openalex.org/W2079722606","https://openalex.org/W2081674159","https://openalex.org/W2082192685","https://openalex.org/W2085272777","https://openalex.org/W2085383736","https://openalex.org/W2091411810","https://openalex.org/W2097623122","https://openalex.org/W2101363646","https://openalex.org/W2101543035","https://openalex.org/W2104525153","https://openalex.org/W2106249361","https://openalex.org/W2107238962","https://openalex.org/W2107762071","https://openalex.org/W2108835274","https://openalex.org/W2109078461","https://openalex.org/W2116424844","https://openalex.org/W2116511587","https://openalex.org/W2117984921","https://openalex.org/W2118203264","https://openalex.org/W2119293746","https://openalex.org/W2120421571","https://openalex.org/W2121133384","https://openalex.org/W2122526796","https://openalex.org/W2122632025","https://openalex.org/W2122992861","https://openalex.org/W2123175900","https://openalex.org/W2128066019","https://openalex.org/W2131481746","https://openalex.org/W2134672977","https://openalex.org/W2136716105","https://openalex.org/W2137687839","https://openalex.org/W2156113162","https://openalex.org/W2160425081","https://openalex.org/W2161577497","https://openalex.org/W2162332760","https://openalex.org/W2164193797","https://openalex.org/W2164604555","https://openalex.org/W2166876560","https://openalex.org/W2166903671","https://openalex.org/W2167916571","https://openalex.org/W2168719124","https://openalex.org/W2170190760","https://openalex.org/W2239146141","https://openalex.org/W2314045451","https://openalex.org/W2329086168","https://openalex.org/W2330806424","https://openalex.org/W2337305927","https://openalex.org/W2401736791","https://openalex.org/W2415684588","https://openalex.org/W2415844871","https://openalex.org/W2439422421","https://openalex.org/W2950766742","https://openalex.org/W3145545648","https://openalex.org/W7033783247"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012931740","https://openalex.org/W123753984","https://openalex.org/W1978057048","https://openalex.org/W2030646059","https://openalex.org/W2186229115","https://openalex.org/W4312194329","https://openalex.org/W2166876560","https://openalex.org/W1968918175","https://openalex.org/W2951015646","https://openalex.org/W7144020830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Borane":[0],"(BH3)":[1],"chemistry":[2],"offers":[3],"unique":[4],"chemical":[5,99],"characteristics":[6],"that":[7,52,284,377,434,448,464,605],"enable":[8],"boranophosphate":[9,42,251],"(BP)":[10],"oligonucleotides":[11],"with":[12,61,70,417,456,522,531],"potential":[13],"to":[14,86,102,114,140,157,169,187,273,329,386,480,505,527,537,547,575,577,586,617,620],"enhance":[15],"RNA":[16,21,25,33,81,125,161,176,223,268,304,508,592],"therapeutic":[17,117,368,541],"applications":[18,118,299,542],"such":[19,122,172,300,309,393],"as":[20,123,173,231,301,310,394],"interference":[22],"(RNAi)":[23],"and":[24,48,91,127,175,191,225,245,266,303,347,436,475,520,534,569],"aptamers.":[26,177],"Further,":[27],"BP":[28,339],"nucleotides":[29],"are":[30,315,399],"substrates":[31],"for":[32,612],"polymerases":[34],"which":[35,150,381],"allow":[36],"the":[37,62,87,96,103,116,120,131,196,200,205,208,216,227,235,250,319,333,358,364,371,412,427,438,443,485,488,528,555,588,600,606,627],"enzymatic":[38],"synthesis":[39],"of":[40,45,74,110,119,133,180,204,229,234,237,242,276,332,360,391,403,414,429,453,460,472,491,498,557,590,597],"stereoregular":[41],"(BP)-RNA":[43],"molecules":[44,65,342],"different":[46],"lengths":[47],"properties.":[49],"We":[50,136,446,584,603],"expect":[51],"these":[53],"BP-RNAs":[54],"will":[55],"interact":[56],"in":[57,77,128,153,297,396,540,565,581,626],"a":[58,71,213,232,400,421,451,467,506,513,562,572,621],"novel":[59],"way":[60],"desired":[63,529],"target":[64,435,574],"because":[66],"they":[67],"can":[68],"coordinate":[69],"diverse":[72],"array":[73],"ligand":[75],"sites":[76],"proteins":[78],"or":[79,255,550],"other":[80],"molecules.":[82],"This":[83,163,294],"is":[84,113,151,165,295,420,450,466,552,571],"due":[85,616],"distinct":[88],"hydrophobicity,":[89],"sterospecificity,":[90],"polarity":[92],"properties":[93],"imparted":[94],"by":[95,195,442,493,525],"phosphorus-boron":[97],"(P-B)":[98],"bond":[100],"compared":[101,484,504],"natural":[104,256],"phosphorus-oxygen":[105],"(P-O)":[106],"bond.":[107],"The":[108,240,388],"object":[109],"this":[111,134],"dissertation":[112],"explore":[115],"BP-RNA":[121,143,206,502,613],"siRNA,":[124],"aptamers,":[126],"addition":[129],"investigate":[130],"immunogenicity":[132,190],"modification.":[135],"used":[137,212],"mouse":[138],"cells":[139,398],"determine":[141,199],"if":[142,348],"would":[144,183,323,343],"activate":[145,291],"toll-like":[146],"receptor":[147],"(TLR":[148],"7),":[149],"involved":[152],"innate":[154,201],"immune":[155,202,311,321,473],"response":[156,164,474],"foreign":[158],"single":[159],"stranded":[160],"(ssRNA).":[162],"undesired":[166],"when":[167,327,356,478],"applied":[168,479],"oligonucleotide":[170,298],"therapeutics":[171],"siRNA":[174,302,341,454],"In":[178,280,554],"terms":[179],"RNAi,":[181],"it":[182,551,570],"be":[184,274,324,548],"an":[185,325,351,457],"advantage":[186,326],"have":[188,270],"low":[189,320],"high":[192,532],"downregulation":[193,354,477],"activity":[194,331,355,455,519,545],"siRNA.":[197],"To":[198],"activation":[203,312,322],"through":[207,594],"TLR":[209,277,292],"7":[210,278],"we":[211,282,336,483],"known":[214],"activator,":[215],"human":[217,408,514],"immunodeficiency":[218],"virus":[219],"(HIV)":[220],"derived":[221],"single-stranded":[222],"(ssRNA40)":[224],"measured":[226],"production":[228,241],"cytokines":[230,243],"function":[233],"number":[236,359,459],"modified":[238,286,340,432],"BP-linkages.":[239],"IL-6":[244],"TNF\u03b1":[246],"was":[247,350,370],"quantified":[248],"after":[249,313],"(BP),":[252],"phosphorothioate":[253,267],"(PS)":[254],"ssRNA40":[257,288],"were":[258,609],"transfected":[259],"into":[260],"murine":[261],"macrophage":[262],"Raw264.7":[263],"cells.":[264],"Natural":[265],"(PS-RNA)":[269],"been":[271,383],"shown":[272],"activators":[275],"receptors.":[279],"contrast,":[281],"found":[283,447,604],"fully":[285],"BP-":[287,591],"did":[289],"not":[290,316,610],"7.":[293],"relevant":[296],"aptamers":[305,593],"where":[306,543],"off-target":[307],"effects":[308],"administration":[314],"desired.":[317],"Subsequently,":[318],"coupled":[328],"RNAi":[330],"oligonucleotide.":[334],"Thus,":[335],"explored":[337],"whether":[338],"modulate":[344,517],"gene":[345,376,476],"expression":[346,413],"there":[349,449,465],"effect":[352],"on":[353,363],"increasing":[357,458],"BH3":[361],"modifications":[362],"phosphate":[365],"backbone.":[366],"Our":[367],"model":[369],"multi-drug":[372],"resistance":[373],"1":[374],"(MDR1)":[375],"expresses":[378],"P-glycoprotein":[379,439],"(P-gp),":[380],"has":[382],"notoriously":[384],"difficult":[385],"modulate.":[387],"aberrant":[389],"regulation":[390],"genes":[392,416],"MDR1":[395,444],"cancer":[397,415,423],"major":[401],"cause":[402],"chemotherapeutic":[404],"treatment":[405],"failure":[406],"against":[407,512,599],"cancers.":[409],"Hence,":[410],"controlling":[411],"antisense":[418],"technology":[419],"possible":[422],"therapy.":[424],"Specifically,":[425],"correcting":[426],"overexpression":[428],"p-glycoprotein":[430],"using":[431],"siRNAs":[433],"degrade":[437],"mRNA":[440],"produced":[441],"gene.":[445],"reduction":[452],"BP-modifications.":[461],"It":[462],"appears":[463],"fine":[468],"balance":[469],"between":[470],"lack":[471],"BP-siRNA.":[481],"Finally,":[482],"enrichment":[486,495],"during":[487],"Systematic":[489],"Evolution":[490],"Ligands":[492],"EXponential":[494],"(SELEX)":[496],"method":[497],"two":[499],"libraries,":[500],"one":[501],"(U\u03b1B)":[503],"doubly-modified":[507],"(2'FC":[509],"&":[510],"U\u03b1B),":[511],"thrombin.":[515,602],"Aptamers":[516],"protein":[518,523,530,544,601],"interfere":[521],"signaling":[524,567],"binding":[526,619],"affinity":[533],"specificity":[535],"leading":[536],"their":[538],"use":[539,576],"needs":[546],"controlled":[549],"anomalous.":[553],"case":[556],"blood":[558,579],"coagulation,":[559],"thrombin":[560],"plays":[561],"central":[563],"role":[564],"coagulation":[566,580],"cascade":[568],"good":[573],"control":[578],"clinical":[582],"settings.":[583],"attempted":[585],"optimize":[587],"selection":[589,607,628],"4-8":[595],"rounds":[596],"SELEX":[598,614],"conditions":[608],"optimal":[611],"possibly":[615],"non-specific":[618],"bovine":[622],"serum":[623],"albumin":[624],"(BSA)":[625],"buffer.":[629]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
