{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2169752071","doi":null,"title":"External Debt Sustainability: Guidelines for Low- and Middle-income Countries","display_name":"External Debt Sustainability: Guidelines for Low- and Middle-income Countries","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2169752071","mag":"2169752071"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2169752071","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://g24.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Loser-1.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019650917","display_name":"M. Claudio Loser","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Claudio Loser","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019650917"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10503","display_name":"Global Financial Crisis and Policies","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10503","display_name":"Global Financial Crisis and Policies","score":0.9667999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11621","display_name":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","score":0.026799999177455902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-debt-sustainability","display_name":"external debt sustainability","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-debt","display_name":"external debt","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-and-middle-income-countries","display_name":"low- and middle-income countries","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt-burden","display_name":"debt burden","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt-crisis","display_name":"debt crisis","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt-restructuring","display_name":"debt restructuring","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sovereign-credit-ratings","display_name":"sovereign credit ratings","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-market-access","display_name":"capital market access","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt-to-gdp-ratio","display_name":"debt-to-GDP ratio","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macroeconomic-indicators","display_name":"macroeconomic indicators","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-financial-institutions","display_name":"international financial institutions","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/official-development-assistance","display_name":"official development assistance","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-transfer","display_name":"resource transfer","score":0.460999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44171179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461319","display_name":"External debt","level":3,"score":0.694787859916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780014084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364290","display_name":"Debt restructuring","level":5,"score":0.5847471356391907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5386056900024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.5382053852081299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45237549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376796","display_name":"Restructuring","level":2,"score":0.5310426354408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106210156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1559695","display_name":"Debt-to-GDP ratio","level":4,"score":0.511814296245575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202189257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915683","display_name":"Internal debt","level":3,"score":0.47167855501174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780747039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q773335","display_name":"Debt crisis","level":3,"score":0.46891626715660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.46499693393707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22270272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5248601","display_name":"Debt levels and flows","level":4,"score":0.43616724014282227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.4352136254310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.4331280291080475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158886217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16799549","display_name":"Latin Americans","level":2,"score":0.4212470054626465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121087249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546395","display_name":"Emerging markets","level":2,"score":0.41947633028030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.343413770198822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.3421092629432678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2533975839614868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.16437938809394836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186229450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42008","display_name":"Sovereignty","level":3,"score":0.16290876269340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994482091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12695","display_name":"Sovereign debt","level":4,"score":0.15822911262512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2169752071","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://g24.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Loser-1.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W588160522","https://openalex.org/W597243188","https://openalex.org/W1545594637","https://openalex.org/W1557755199","https://openalex.org/W1594427380","https://openalex.org/W1753463987","https://openalex.org/W1826159469","https://openalex.org/W2068120155","https://openalex.org/W2078385299","https://openalex.org/W2080471767","https://openalex.org/W2100964216","https://openalex.org/W2112559425","https://openalex.org/W2139583615","https://openalex.org/W2760442026","https://openalex.org/W2764982026","https://openalex.org/W2955531703","https://openalex.org/W3021045036","https://openalex.org/W3122495282","https://openalex.org/W3122684248","https://openalex.org/W3151997404"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3128154156","https://openalex.org/W643391230","https://openalex.org/W3120258008","https://openalex.org/W4255820327","https://openalex.org/W7214263694","https://openalex.org/W2493572073","https://openalex.org/W3090597032","https://openalex.org/W7008822383","https://openalex.org/W3165484878","https://openalex.org/W3123968851"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,187,251],"high":[1,100],"debt":[2,80,129,162,206,222,280],"burden":[3,81],"continues":[4],"to":[5,43,70,83,89,115,130,161,184,220,243,262,307],"hamper":[6],"the":[7,93,113,124,127,136,142,147,150,267,314,317],"growth":[8,46],"prospects":[9],"of":[10,66,126,138,144,174,204,248,253,259,269,292,299,316],"many":[11,77],"developing":[12,260],"countries":[13,33,49,61,72,157,261,310],"and":[14,25,58,75,146,191,202,230,265,294],"is":[15,30,189,197,271],"increasing":[16],"their":[17,41,79,290],"vulnerability.":[18],"Bilateral":[19],"official":[20,67],"aid":[21],"has":[22,50,73],"declined":[23],"sharply":[24],"financing":[26,178],"by":[27,99],"multilateral":[28],"organizations":[29],"low.":[31],"Developing":[32],"have":[34,96,159,216,276],"experienced":[35],"net":[36],"negative":[37],"resource":[38],"transfers,":[39],"reducing":[40],"ability":[42],"invest.":[44],"Finally,":[45],"in":[47,55,76,102,112,149,214,234],"these":[48,249],"lagged":[51],"worldwide":[52],"growth,":[53],"particularly":[54],"Latin":[56],"America":[57],"Africa.":[59],"Poorer":[60],"depend":[62],"heavily":[63],"on":[64,92,123,135,200,246,257,266,279],"support":[65,315],"institutions.":[68,320],"Aid":[69],"poorer":[71],"diminished":[74],"cases":[78],"appears":[82],"be":[84,170,244],"unsustainable.":[85],"Countries":[86],"with":[87,176,227,305,313],"access":[88,183,258],"market":[90],"borrowing":[91,270],"other":[94],"hand,":[95],"been":[97],"affected":[98],"volatility":[101],"international":[103,318],"capital":[104,263],"markets,":[105],"while":[106],"having":[107],"fewer":[108],"policy":[109],"options":[110],"than":[111,301],"past":[114],"absorb":[116],"shocks.":[117],"Debt":[118],"sustainability":[119],"assessments":[120],"normally":[121],"focus":[122],"behaviour":[125,143],"external":[128,177,205],"GDP":[131],"ratio,":[132],"which":[133],"depends":[134],"behavior":[137],"debt,":[139],"interest":[140],"rates,":[141],"GDP,":[145],"movements":[148],"real":[151],"exchange":[152],"rate.":[153],"In":[154],"crisis":[155],"situations,":[156],"can":[158,275],"recourse":[160],"restructuring":[163],"or":[164],"reduction,":[165],"but":[166,224],"such":[167],"action":[168],"cannot":[169],"a":[171,217,238,296],"regular":[172],"means":[173],"dealing":[175],"problems,":[179,223],"as":[180],"it":[181],"affects":[182],"new":[185,192],"financing.":[186],"process":[188],"defective":[190],"solutions":[193],"are":[194,209,231,311],"required.":[195],"There":[196,208],"good":[198,218,239],"evidence":[199],"indicators":[201,212],"predictors":[203],"crises.":[207],"key":[210],"macroeconomic":[211],"which,":[213],"general":[215],"capacity":[219],"predict":[221],"they":[225],"work":[226],"variable":[228],"lags,":[229],"not":[232],"reliable":[233],"all":[235],"cases.":[236],"Thus,":[237],"tracking":[240],"system":[241],"needs":[242],"based":[245],"several":[247],"indicators.":[250],"impact":[252],"sovereign":[254],"credit":[255,286],"ratings":[256,274],"markets":[264],"terms":[268],"significant.":[272],"Worsening":[273],"adverse":[277],"consequences":[278],"sustainability.":[281],"To":[282],"avoid":[283],"this":[284],"problem,":[285],"agencies":[287],"should":[288],"expand":[289],"use":[291],"indicators,":[293],"take":[295],"broader":[297],"view":[298],"developments":[300],"at":[302],"present,":[303],"including":[304],"regard":[306],"programmes":[308],"that":[309],"undertaking":[312],"financial":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}