{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2169685504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.778195","title":"Slithering snakes, angry men and out-group members: What and whom are we evolved to fear?","display_name":"Slithering snakes, angry men and out-group members: What and whom are we evolved to fear?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2169685504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.778195","mag":"2169685504","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23556423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.778195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.778195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.778195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S150535073","display_name":"Cognition & Emotion","issn_l":"0269-9931","issn":["0269-9931","1464-0600"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognition and Emotion","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027727331","display_name":"Kimberley Margaret Mallan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6733-9250","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6733-9250","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9737-0221"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kimberley M. Mallan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology","Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076644721","display_name":"Ottmar V. Lipp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6734-8608","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6734-8608"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ottmar V. Lipp","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, The University of Queensland","School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090130604","display_name":"Benjamin Cochrane","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Cochrane","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, The University of Queensland","School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027727331"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6574,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55392157,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"7","first_page":"1168","last_page":"1180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.6913999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.6913999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10448","display_name":"Memory and Neural Mechanisms","score":0.21469999849796295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.041999999433755875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classical-conditioning","display_name":"classical conditioning","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fear-conditioning","display_name":"fear conditioning","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phobic-disorders","display_name":"phobia","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-fear","display_name":"social fear","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angry-faces","display_name":"angry faces","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-stereotypes","display_name":"negative stereotypes","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-norms","display_name":"social norms","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avoidance-response","display_name":"avoidance response","score":0.6880000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8449292778968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777127095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175854","display_name":"Phobias","level":3,"score":0.6087755560874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5833041667938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79416737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2305519","display_name":"Social learning","level":2,"score":0.5323686003684998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16837860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2079841","display_name":"Fear conditioning","level":3,"score":0.5311129689216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4974549114704132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4970534145832062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4276095926761627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3930635154247284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.18759313225746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779144063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338924","display_name":"Amygdala","level":2,"score":0.1072252094745636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.10549846291542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000786","descriptor_name":"Anger","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003214","descriptor_name":"Conditioning, Classical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003468","descriptor_name":"Cultural Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005239","descriptor_name":"Fear","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010698","descriptor_name":"Phobic Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011582","descriptor_name":"Psychological Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012911","descriptor_name":"Snakes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012938","descriptor_name":"Social Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.778195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.778195","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.778195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S150535073","display_name":"Cognition & Emotion","issn_l":"0269-9931","issn":["0269-9931","1464-0600"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognition and Emotion","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23556423","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23556423","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognition & emotion","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchbank.acu.edu.au:fhs_pub-8145","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchbank.acu.edu.au/fhs_pub/7146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401783","display_name":"Research Bank (Australian Catholic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I86695891","host_organization_name":"Australian Catholic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86695891"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/9616","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/9616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591294577","https://openalex.org/W1502619795","https://openalex.org/W1504974829","https://openalex.org/W1508246809","https://openalex.org/W1510507426","https://openalex.org/W1966315146","https://openalex.org/W1968974689","https://openalex.org/W1969756516","https://openalex.org/W1970209827","https://openalex.org/W1976598983","https://openalex.org/W1980198246","https://openalex.org/W1980230940","https://openalex.org/W1981340104","https://openalex.org/W1988492107","https://openalex.org/W1990088109","https://openalex.org/W1991220885","https://openalex.org/W2000843844","https://openalex.org/W2007710351","https://openalex.org/W2009444840","https://openalex.org/W2009862697","https://openalex.org/W2014477109","https://openalex.org/W2020091379","https://openalex.org/W2022529083","https://openalex.org/W2028872645","https://openalex.org/W2037958079","https://openalex.org/W2039779535","https://openalex.org/W2041887053","https://openalex.org/W2044234776","https://openalex.org/W2046011192","https://openalex.org/W2048247007","https://openalex.org/W2049500473","https://openalex.org/W2056433817","https://openalex.org/W2064825572","https://openalex.org/W2065276131","https://openalex.org/W2066632907","https://openalex.org/W2069077711","https://openalex.org/W2070743180","https://openalex.org/W2082568044","https://openalex.org/W2105282743","https://openalex.org/W2107988064","https://openalex.org/W2118125849","https://openalex.org/W2128580695","https://openalex.org/W2135634669","https://openalex.org/W2139665883","https://openalex.org/W2141961654","https://openalex.org/W2142135468","https://openalex.org/W2146330279","https://openalex.org/W2157941554","https://openalex.org/W2158553737","https://openalex.org/W2162173963","https://openalex.org/W2168200546","https://openalex.org/W2168997693","https://openalex.org/W2169595991","https://openalex.org/W2244932103","https://openalex.org/W2258910849","https://openalex.org/W2788988160","https://openalex.org/W4211219997","https://openalex.org/W4231421168","https://openalex.org/W4242590461"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2971499452","https://openalex.org/W135399260","https://openalex.org/W2142135468","https://openalex.org/W110616662","https://openalex.org/W2898492297","https://openalex.org/W2080984972","https://openalex.org/W7098111726","https://openalex.org/W589285481","https://openalex.org/W1984848449","https://openalex.org/W2089195611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"preparedness":[1],"theory":[2],"of":[3,26,45,61,70,85,157,172],"classical":[4],"conditioning":[5],"proposed":[6],"by":[7],"Seligman":[8],"(1970,":[9],"1971)":[10],"has":[11],"been":[12],"applied":[13],"extensively":[14],"over":[15],"the":[16,22,36,41,79,155,170],"past":[17],"40":[18],"years":[19],"to":[20,91,116,125,132,165],"explain":[21,103],"nature":[23],"and":[24,29,54,56,93,108,135,145,160,174],"\"source\"":[25],"human":[27],"fear":[28,60,89,104,114,123,173],"phobias.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"review":[33],"we":[34],"examine":[35],"formative":[37],"studies":[38],"that":[39,59,97,113,137,152],"tested":[40],"four":[42],"defining":[43],"characteristics":[44],"prepared":[46],"learning":[47,82,90,105],"with":[48,106],"animal":[49,92,107,126],"fear-relevant":[50],"stimuli":[51,95,118,127],"(typically":[52],"snakes":[53],"spiders)":[55],"consider":[57],"claims":[58],"social":[62,94,109,117,146],"stimuli,":[63],"such":[64],"as":[65,128],"angry":[66],"faces,":[67],"or":[68],"faces":[69],"racial":[71],"out-group":[72],"members,":[73],"may":[74,139],"also":[75],"be":[76],"acquired":[77],"utilising":[78],"same":[80],"preferential":[81],"mechanism.":[83,183],"Exposition":[84],"critical":[86],"differences":[87],"between":[88],"suggests":[96],"a":[98,149,181],"single":[99,182],"account":[100],"cannot":[101],"adequately":[102],"stimuli.":[110],"We":[111],"demonstrate":[112],"conditioned":[115,124],"is":[119,130,163],"less":[120],"robust":[121],"than":[122,177],"it":[129,138],"susceptible":[131],"cognitive":[133],"influence":[134,156],"propose":[136],"instead":[140],"reflect":[141],"on":[142,180],"negative":[143],"stereotypes":[144],"norms.":[147],"Thus,":[148],"theoretical":[150],"model":[151],"can":[153],"accommodate":[154],"both":[158],"biological":[159],"cultural":[161],"factors":[162],"likely":[164],"have":[166],"broader":[167],"utility":[168],"in":[169],"explanation":[171],"avoidance":[175],"responses":[176],"accounts":[178],"based":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}