{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2169506922","doi":null,"title":"Entrepreneurship and Independent Professionals: Why do Professionals not meet with Stereotypes of Entrepreneurship?","display_name":"Entrepreneurship and Independent Professionals: Why do Professionals not meet with Stereotypes of Entrepreneurship?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2169506922","mag":"2169506922"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai::51529","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51529/1/IfS_DP_04_2013_Boegenhold_Heinonen_Akola_FINAL.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51529/1/IfS_DP_04_2013_Boegenhold_Heinonen_Akola_FINAL.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"MPRA Paper"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51529/1/IfS_DP_04_2013_Boegenhold_Heinonen_Akola_FINAL.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083271206","display_name":"Dieter B\u00f6genhold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2893-3534","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2893-3534"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dieter B\u00f6genhold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amateur Athletic Union"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2893-3534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amateur Athletic Union","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051102276","display_name":"Jarna Heinonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1025-7403","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1025-7403"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jarna Heinonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Turku"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1025-7403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Turku","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052853421","display_name":"Elisa Akola","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Akola","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Turku"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Turku","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12693","display_name":"Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11410","display_name":"Cultural Industries and Urban Development","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship","display_name":"entrepreneurship","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-professionals","display_name":"independent professionals","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-employment","display_name":"self-employment","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liberal-professions","display_name":"liberal professions","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freelance-journalists","display_name":"freelance journalists","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translators","display_name":"translators","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpreters","display_name":"interpreters","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artists","display_name":"artists","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-logic","display_name":"social logic","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finland","display_name":"Finland","score":0.3790000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.8817709684371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122783720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183065","display_name":"Interpreter","level":2,"score":0.6570268869400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5911710858345032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5571032762527466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5051665902137756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779018934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129653","display_name":"Everyday life","level":2,"score":0.486438512802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778000738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1005490","display_name":"Self-employment","level":3,"score":0.4804072678089142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519517224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12827256","display_name":"Mythology","level":2,"score":0.47679710388183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.45292794704437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4490979313850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.43872931599617004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.330106258392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.32901644706726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2952575087547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.13913023471832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1362254023551941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.10288503766059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09989908337593079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai::51529","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51529/1/IfS_DP_04_2013_Boegenhold_Heinonen_Akola_FINAL.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51529/1/IfS_DP_04_2013_Boegenhold_Heinonen_Akola_FINAL.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"MPRA Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pra:mprapa:51529","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51529/1/IfS_DP_04_2013_Boegenhold_Heinonen_Akola_FINAL.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51529/1/IfS_DP_04_2013_Boegenhold_Heinonen_Akola_FINAL.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:2169506922","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51529/1/IfS_DP_04_2013_Boegenhold_Heinonen_Akola_FINAL.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MPRA Paper","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3145882880","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/pramprapa/51529.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai::51529","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51529/1/IfS_DP_04_2013_Boegenhold_Heinonen_Akola_FINAL.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/51529/1/IfS_DP_04_2013_Boegenhold_Heinonen_Akola_FINAL.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"MPRA Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.9211000204086304}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2169506922.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2169506922.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2522083","https://openalex.org/W5044944","https://openalex.org/W569856386","https://openalex.org/W835540650","https://openalex.org/W1484284078","https://openalex.org/W1518027650","https://openalex.org/W1536512210","https://openalex.org/W1562444961","https://openalex.org/W1566398042","https://openalex.org/W1574239550","https://openalex.org/W1574544595","https://openalex.org/W1596169349","https://openalex.org/W1600697190","https://openalex.org/W1698694002","https://openalex.org/W1964283292","https://openalex.org/W1968211748","https://openalex.org/W1980336668","https://openalex.org/W1985759316","https://openalex.org/W1989753936","https://openalex.org/W2007319948","https://openalex.org/W2010118756","https://openalex.org/W2017008612","https://openalex.org/W2032295228","https://openalex.org/W2035713844","https://openalex.org/W2038251847","https://openalex.org/W2039482239","https://openalex.org/W2053120142","https://openalex.org/W2053757967","https://openalex.org/W2055665808","https://openalex.org/W2061080497","https://openalex.org/W2068220156","https://openalex.org/W2072117153","https://openalex.org/W2096810867","https://openalex.org/W2100308678","https://openalex.org/W2114574540","https://openalex.org/W2116006659","https://openalex.org/W2121493993","https://openalex.org/W2122758274","https://openalex.org/W2125058066","https://openalex.org/W2130304064","https://openalex.org/W2131568094","https://openalex.org/W2132940398","https://openalex.org/W2135691596","https://openalex.org/W2141439037","https://openalex.org/W2142575041","https://openalex.org/W2147593526","https://openalex.org/W2148381867","https://openalex.org/W2161690051","https://openalex.org/W2162281484","https://openalex.org/W2164736327","https://openalex.org/W2165348586","https://openalex.org/W2269053127","https://openalex.org/W2296046831","https://openalex.org/W2313455615","https://openalex.org/W2320631975","https://openalex.org/W2331837725","https://openalex.org/W2475837996","https://openalex.org/W2482268225","https://openalex.org/W2506618771","https://openalex.org/W2611731537","https://openalex.org/W2736718946","https://openalex.org/W2799776565","https://openalex.org/W2990216153","https://openalex.org/W3122800680","https://openalex.org/W3124928643","https://openalex.org/W3125344093","https://openalex.org/W4239042251","https://openalex.org/W4241286181"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097448271","https://openalex.org/W2795375203","https://openalex.org/W7017831205","https://openalex.org/W2021513389","https://openalex.org/W4411928783","https://openalex.org/W7072004593","https://openalex.org/W1900185586","https://openalex.org/W4312446611","https://openalex.org/W2816330892","https://openalex.org/W1775863725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,17,88,152],"study":[1,18,31,134],"discusses":[2],"myths":[3,167],"of":[4,12,24,27,74,93,191],"entrepreneurship":[5,75,131,154],"by":[6,126,139,173],"looking":[7],"at":[8,54],"the":[9,25,30,55,66,72,78,81,86,96,133,143,147,174,189],"overlapping":[10],"areas":[11],"entrepreneurship,":[13,192],"self-employment":[14],"and":[15,52,61,71,80,90,105,111,162,168,178],"professions.":[16],"argues":[19],"that":[20,65,183],"professions":[21,67,98],"are":[22,68,124,171,185,194],"part":[23],"category":[26],"self-employment.":[28,151],"Additionally,":[29],"presents":[32],"empirical":[33,39],"findings":[34],"drawn":[35],"from":[36,42],"a":[37,44],"unique":[38],"data":[40],"set":[41],"Finland:":[43],"survey":[45],"(N=733)":[46],"including":[47],"freelance":[48],"journalists,":[49],"translators,":[50],"interpreters":[51],"artists":[53],"blurred":[56],"boundaries":[57],"between":[58],"waged":[59],"work":[60,79,91],"entrepreneurship.":[62],"Findings":[63],"reveal":[64],"clearly":[69],"different":[70,115,127],"manifestations":[73],"vary,":[76],"reflecting":[77],"labour":[82],"market":[83],"situation":[84],"within":[85],"profession.":[87],"life":[89],"situations":[92,117],"those":[94],"in":[95,102,158,204],"liberal":[97],"cannot":[99],"be":[100,119],"interpreted":[101],"simple":[103],"black":[104],"white":[106],"schemes":[107],"or":[108],"as":[109,198],"winners":[110],"looser.":[112],"Instead,":[113],"many":[114],"socio-economic":[116],"can":[118],"found":[120],"\u2018in":[121],"between\u2019,":[122],"which":[123,145,170],"driven":[125],"social":[128],"logics.":[129],"For":[130],"researchers":[132],"opens":[135],"up":[136],"new":[137],"avenues":[138],"taking":[140],"us":[141],"beyond":[142],"push-pull-dichotomy,":[144],"over-simplifies":[146],"decision":[148],"to":[149],"enter":[150],"term":[153],"is":[155],"often":[156],"used":[157],"an":[159],"undifferentiated":[160],"way,":[161],"it":[163],"therefore":[164],"easily":[165],"generates":[166],"stereotypes,":[169],"challenged":[172],"study.":[175],"A":[176],"narrower":[177],"more":[179],"realistic":[180],"view":[181],"shows":[182],"there":[184],"diverse":[186],"agents":[187],"under":[188],"flag":[190],"who":[193],"usually":[195],"not":[196],"regarded":[197],"core":[199],"entrepreneurs":[200],"although":[201],"they":[202],"exist":[203],"everyday":[205],"life.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}