{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168792500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","title":"Finding an Unknown Number of Multivariate Outliers","display_name":"Finding an Unknown Number of Multivariate Outliers","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168792500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","mag":"2168792500"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jrsssb/article-pdf/71/2/447/49686225/jrsssb_71_2_447.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145009937","display_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology)","issn_l":"1369-7412","issn":["1369-7412","1467-9868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jrsssb/article-pdf/71/2/447/49686225/jrsssb_71_2_447.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065832212","display_name":"Marco Riani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7886-2207","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7886-2207"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124601658","display_name":"University of Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Riani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di Parma , Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Parma , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015154091","display_name":"Anthony C. Atkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7937-9225","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7937-9225"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony C. Atkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Economics and Political Science , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Economics and Political Science , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077676878","display_name":"Andrea Cerioli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-5674","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-5674"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124601658","display_name":"University of Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Cerioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di Parma , Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di Parma , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124601658"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015154091"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"apc_list":{"value":2621,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3456},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4485,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":165,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98152977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"2","first_page":"447","last_page":"466"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10968","display_name":"Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-outliers","display_name":"multivariate outliers","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forward-search","display_name":"forward search","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-mahalanobis-distance","display_name":"robust Mahalanobis distance","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier-detection","display_name":"outlier detection","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-normal-data","display_name":"multivariate normal data","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order-statistics","display_name":"order statistics","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truncated-samples","display_name":"truncated samples","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-estimation","display_name":"robust estimation","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correction-factors","display_name":"correction factors","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-statistic-distribution","display_name":"test statistic distribution","score":0.5139999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1921717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334846","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","level":2,"score":0.9424057006835938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.82267826795578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.6987236738204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6481177806854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.6188575625419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5458018779754639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169857963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1461038","display_name":"Test statistic","level":3,"score":0.5056130886077881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67226441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665389","display_name":"Robust statistics","level":3,"score":0.46028628945350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177384507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149000","display_name":"Multivariate normal distribution","level":3,"score":0.4545906186103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.3842521607875824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3661673367023468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3339797258377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3170916438102722}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jrsssb/article-pdf/71/2/447/49686225/jrsssb_71_2_447.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145009937","display_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology)","issn_l":"1369-7412","issn":["1369-7412","1467-9868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lse.ac.uk:30462","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/30462/1/Finding_an_unknown_number_of_multivariate_outliers%28lsero%29.pdf","pdf_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/30462/1/Finding_an_unknown_number_of_multivariate_outliers%28lsero%29.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lse.ac.uk:30462","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/30462/1/Finding_an_unknown_number_of_multivariate_outliers%28lsero%29.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.662.9836","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.662.9836","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://riani.it/pub/RAC09-JRSSb.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2265230013","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ehl:lserod:30462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3149678241","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/ehl/lserod/30462.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764460092","display_name":"LSE Research Online Documents on Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4361727514","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4361727514","https://openalex.org/P4310311730"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["London School of Economics and Political Science","University of London"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"LSE Research Online Documents on Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bla:jorssb:v:71:y:2009:i:2:p:447-466","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ehl:lserod:30462","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/30462/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9868.2008.00692.x","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jrsssb/article-pdf/71/2/447/49686225/jrsssb_71_2_447.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145009937","display_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology)","issn_l":"1369-7412","issn":["1369-7412","1467-9868"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312710","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322875","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Parma","ror":"https://ror.org/02k7wn190"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0341vw408"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2168792500.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2168792500.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127398482","https://openalex.org/W1602869073","https://openalex.org/W1986320187","https://openalex.org/W1991567646","https://openalex.org/W1995996852","https://openalex.org/W1996094544","https://openalex.org/W2000724964","https://openalex.org/W2012836768","https://openalex.org/W2019061583","https://openalex.org/W2022261649","https://openalex.org/W2031479792","https://openalex.org/W2037855816","https://openalex.org/W2039587747","https://openalex.org/W2055894834","https://openalex.org/W2059659103","https://openalex.org/W2068302187","https://openalex.org/W2078049884","https://openalex.org/W2107554480","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2111131733","https://openalex.org/W2117783601","https://openalex.org/W2129249398","https://openalex.org/W2138195474","https://openalex.org/W2160892298","https://openalex.org/W2170523015","https://openalex.org/W2248058375","https://openalex.org/W2316893165","https://openalex.org/W2498631646","https://openalex.org/W2800423704","https://openalex.org/W3022211185","https://openalex.org/W3022255685","https://openalex.org/W4213007602","https://openalex.org/W4240458502","https://openalex.org/W4240874411","https://openalex.org/W4243563432"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2124035878","https://openalex.org/W7095234716","https://openalex.org/W38121055","https://openalex.org/W2930488007","https://openalex.org/W2100319456","https://openalex.org/W2620268079","https://openalex.org/W2016484601","https://openalex.org/W1580713875","https://openalex.org/W2763008059","https://openalex.org/W185667226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Summary":[0],"We":[1,42,74],"use":[2],"the":[3,13,36,65],"forward":[4],"search":[5],"to":[6,11],"provide":[7,35,76],"robust":[8,47,61],"Mahalanobis":[9,62],"distances":[10,48,63],"detect":[12],"presence":[14],"of":[15,20,38,54,71,79],"outliers":[16],"in":[17,32],"a":[18,77],"sample":[19],"multivariate":[21],"normal":[22],"data.":[23],"Theoretical":[24],"results":[25,80],"on":[26,30,81],"order":[27],"statistics":[28],"and":[29,68],"estimation":[31,85],"truncated":[33,87],"samples":[34],"distribution":[37],"our":[39,55,72],"test":[40],"statistic.":[41],"also":[43,75],"introduce":[44],"several":[45],"new":[46],"with":[49,57],"associated":[50],"distributional":[51],"results.":[52],"Comparisons":[53],"procedure":[56],"tests":[58],"using":[59],"other":[60],"show":[64],"good":[66],"size":[67],"high":[69],"power":[70],"procedure.":[73],"unification":[78],"correction":[82],"factors":[83],"for":[84],"from":[86],"samples.":[88]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}