{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168559704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sym.0.0038","title":"The Divided Self and the Dark City: Film Noir and Liminality","display_name":"The Divided Self and the Dark City: Film Noir and Liminality","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168559704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sym.0.0038","mag":"2168559704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/sym.0.0038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sym.0.0038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sym.0.0038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186966","display_name":"symplok\u0113","issn_l":"1069-0697","issn":["1069-0697","1534-0627"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"symploke","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027586453","display_name":"R. Barton Palmer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Barton Palmer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027586453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37675828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1-2","first_page":"66","last_page":"79"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12803","display_name":"Cinema History and Criticism","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12803","display_name":"Cinema History and Criticism","score":0.8690999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14192","display_name":"Literature, Film, and Journalism Analysis","score":0.050700001418590546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13145","display_name":"Crime and Detective Fiction Studies","score":0.03669999912381172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/film-noir","display_name":"film noir","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liminality","display_name":"liminality","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divided-self","display_name":"divided self","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/double-indemnity","display_name":"Double Indemnity","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/billy-wilder","display_name":"Billy Wilder","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"identity","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-space","display_name":"urban space","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-city","display_name":"Dark City","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masquerade","display_name":"masquerade","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impersonation","display_name":"impersonation","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-roles","display_name":"social roles","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rites-of-passage","display_name":"rites of passage","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-cinema","display_name":"American cinema","score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-ambiguity","display_name":"moral ambiguity","score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modernity","display_name":"modernity","score":0.3050000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14812997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1825499","display_name":"Liminality","level":2,"score":0.7607966661453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167651023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474611","display_name":"Plot (graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5680419206619263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780289543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424630","display_name":"Accident (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5524868965148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.4751741290092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.46618884801864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.4488412141799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4214627742767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.41819053888320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.19362756609916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/sym.0.0038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sym.0.0038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sym.0.0038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210186966","display_name":"symplok\u0113","issn_l":"1069-0697","issn":["1069-0697","1534-0627"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-4","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"symploke","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/236789","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/236789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.46149998903274536}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W564371144","https://openalex.org/W636499735","https://openalex.org/W1518377453","https://openalex.org/W1538110701","https://openalex.org/W1560815988","https://openalex.org/W1563921893","https://openalex.org/W1574852797","https://openalex.org/W2046102091","https://openalex.org/W2054799986","https://openalex.org/W2322654066","https://openalex.org/W2968670294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2549744287","https://openalex.org/W1486813510","https://openalex.org/W4387593552","https://openalex.org/W2011692359","https://openalex.org/W2996926297","https://openalex.org/W2118738977","https://openalex.org/W6927132169","https://openalex.org/W3083832502","https://openalex.org/W3026939060","https://openalex.org/W2055761687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,17,664],"Divided":[1],"Self":[2],"and":[3,8,15,91,116,132,160,186,200,251,289,318,409,432,448,459,487,496,518,583,614,633,658,669],"the":[4,35,44,89,114,158,169,173,181,190,207,227,231,266,279,284,293,313,348,357,359,369,375,386,392,423,434,441,449,460,499,516,549,560,575,586,590,595,606,637,644,650,656,661,667,670],"Dark":[5],"City:Film":[6],"Noir":[7],"Liminality":[9],"R.":[10],"Barton":[11],"Palmer":[12],"(bio)":[13],"Borders":[14],"Borderers":[16],"American":[18,119],"film":[19,120],"noir":[20],"is":[21,33,79,112,139,177,212,221,248,255,269,342,372,388,401,603,608,613,649,654],"a":[22,61,82,94,136,162,193,272,554,673],"cinematic":[23],"tradition":[24],"whose":[25,399],"representations":[26],"are":[27,259,420],"thoroughly":[28],"liminal.":[29],"What":[30],"I":[31],"mean":[32],"that":[34,75,138,172,295,339,389,473,493,610,615,686],"protagonists":[36],"of":[37,49,64,93,100,157,183,192,230,286,385,396,426,463,474,490,498,514,559,572,574,589,639,643,660,675],"these":[38,71],"films":[39],"characteristically":[40],"find":[41],"themselves":[42,524],"straddling":[43],"border":[45],"between":[46,666],"competing":[47],"forms":[48],"identity,":[50,340],"as":[51,144,271,305,322,324,336,526,622],"they":[52,209,233,325,417,419,436,527],"often":[53],"enter":[54],"into":[55,404],"perilous":[56],"rites":[57],"de":[58],"passage":[59],"through":[60],"nightmarish":[62],"version":[63],"contemporary":[65],"urban":[66],"reality.":[67],"Only":[68],"seldom":[69],"do":[70],"borderers":[72],"emerge":[73],"from":[74,110,189,632],"\"dark":[76],"city\"":[77],"(which":[78],"sometimes":[80],"just":[81],"moral":[83],"or":[84,543,548,557],"psychological":[85],"condition)":[86],"to":[87,141,155,215,236,262,283,330,346,379,412,429,445,454,470,508,511,529,598],"enjoy":[88],"transfiguration":[90],"triumph":[92],"conventional":[95],"happy":[96],"ending.":[97],"By":[98],"way":[99,576],"illustration,":[101],"let":[102],"me":[103],"begin":[104,326],"by":[105,151,374,422],"rehearsing":[106],"some":[107],"familiar":[108],"details":[109],"what":[111,416,478],"arguably":[113],"best-known":[115],"most":[117],"influential":[118],"noir.":[121],"In":[122,242,328],"Billy":[123],"Wilder's":[124],"Double":[125,627],"Indemnity":[126,628],"(1944),":[127],"an":[128,145,184,567,682],"adulterous":[129],"couple":[130],"plot":[131],"then":[133,274],"carry":[134,311],"out":[135,356,565],"crime":[137,148,208],"meant":[140],"be":[142,263,380,509],"understood":[143],"accident.":[146],"That":[147],"will":[149,276,300],"pay":[150],"releasing":[152],"insurance":[153,376,451],"benefits":[154],"one":[156,217,352,611,616],"perpetrators,":[159],"at":[161,244,332,351],"bonus":[163],"\"double\"":[164],"rate,":[165],"but":[166,501,552],"only":[167],"if":[168],"coroner":[170],"rules":[171],"death":[174],"in":[175,477,502,594,646,678],"question":[176],"no":[178,256,260],"murder,":[179,358],"rather":[180],"result":[182],"unfortunate":[185],"accidental":[187],"tumble":[188],"back":[191],"train.":[194],"And":[195],"so":[196,535],"Walter":[197,317,341,408,582,653],"(Fred":[198],"MacMurray)":[199],"Phyllis":[201,275,319,410,584],"(Barbara":[202],"Stanwyck)":[203],"must":[204,234,361,522],"become":[205,278,320,413],"like":[206],"commit,":[210],"which":[211,365,647],"carefully":[213],"designed":[214],"seem":[216,494],"thing":[218],"though":[219,623],"it":[220,390,563,624],"actually":[222],"something":[223,609],"quite":[224],"different.":[225],"During":[226],"thorough":[228],"investigation":[229],"\"accident,\"":[232],"struggle":[235],"maintain":[237],"their":[238,246,427],"ostensibly":[239],"respectable":[240],"identities.":[241],"outline,":[243],"least,":[245],"plan":[247,428],"both":[249,612,655],"simple":[250],"ingenious.":[252],"If":[253,265],"there":[254,258],"crime,":[257,273],"malefactors":[261],"punished.":[264],"accident,":[267],"however,":[268],"interpreted":[270],"immediately":[277],"prime":[280],"suspect":[281],"according":[282],"principle":[285],"cui":[287],"bono":[288],"Walter,":[290],"who":[291],"sold":[292],"policy":[294],"now":[296],"spectacularly":[297],"pays":[298],"off,":[299],"automatically":[301],"fall":[302],"under":[303],"suspicion":[304],"well.":[306],"[End":[307],"Page":[308],"66]":[309],"To":[310],"off":[312],"required":[314],"elaborate":[315],"masquerade,":[316],"performers":[321,521],"soon":[323],"plotting.":[327],"addition":[329],"playing":[331],"remaining":[333],"\"himself\"":[334],"even":[335,343,525],"he":[337,648],"rejects":[338],"called":[344,403],"upon":[345,621,636],"impersonate":[347],"dead":[349],"man":[350],"point.":[353],"After":[354],"carrying":[355],"pair":[360],"stay":[362],"\"in":[363],"character,\"":[364],"proves":[366],"difficult":[367],"after":[368],"accident":[370],"theory":[371],"shown":[373],"company":[377],"investigator":[378],"untenable.":[381],"A":[382],"key":[383],"effect":[384],"narrative":[387],"highlights":[391],"willed,":[393],"constructed":[394],"nature":[395,588,638],"social":[397,546,561],"roles,":[398],"\"naturalness\"":[400],"thereby":[402],"question.":[405],"For":[406],"once":[407],"determine":[411],"other":[414,488],"than":[415],"were,":[418],"forced":[421],"very":[424],"logic":[425],"inhabit":[430,530],"self-consciously,":[431],"inauthentically,":[433],"roles":[435],"had":[437],"previously":[438],"performed":[439],"unthinkingly:":[440],"pleasant":[442],"housewife":[443],"loyal":[444],"her":[446],"husband":[447],"successful":[450],"agent":[452],"dedicated":[453],"his":[455,464],"company's":[456],"financial":[457],"well-being":[458],"steady":[461],"advancement":[462],"own":[465],"career.1":[466],"Their":[467],"situation":[468],"comes":[469],"resemble":[471],"closely":[472],"those":[475,485],"involved":[476],"anthropologist":[479],"Victor":[480],"Turner":[481,504,536],"terms":[482],"\"cultural":[483],"performance,\"":[484],"rituals":[486],"modes":[489],"symbolic":[491],"action":[492],"part":[495],"parcel":[497],"everyday,":[500],"which,":[503],"argues,":[505],"\"violence":[506],"has":[507],"done":[510],"commonsense":[512],"ways":[513],"classifying":[515],"world":[517],"society\"":[519],"because":[520],"remain":[523],"strive":[528],"another":[531],"identity.":[532],"Cultural":[533],"performance,":[534],"believes,":[537],"therefore":[538],"does":[539],"not":[540],"simply":[541],"express":[542],"reflect":[544],"\"the":[545,601],"system":[547],"cultural":[550],"configuration,\"":[551],"\"offers":[553],"critique,":[555],"direct":[556],"veiled,":[558],"life":[562],"grows":[564],"of,":[566],"evaluation":[568],"(with":[569],"lively":[570],"possibilities":[571],"rejection)":[573],"society":[577],"handles":[578],"history\"":[579],"(22).":[580],"As":[581],"discover,":[585],"critical":[587],"experience":[591],"resides":[592],"chiefly":[593],"fact":[596],"that,":[597],"quote":[599],"Turner,":[600],"'self'":[602],"split":[604,685],"up":[605,688],"middle\u2014it":[607],"sees":[617],"and,":[618],"furthermore,":[619],"acts":[620],"were":[625],"another.\"":[626],"dramatizes":[629],"this":[630,679],"distancing":[631],"yet":[634],"reflection":[635],"ordinary":[640],"experience.":[641],"Narrator":[642],"flashback":[645],"principal":[651],"character,":[652],"subject":[657],"object":[659],"resulting":[662],"narrative.":[663],"disjunction":[665],"experiencing-I":[668],"narrating-I":[671],"(always":[672],"feature":[674],"character":[676],"narration)":[677],"case":[680],"emphasizes":[681],"already":[683],"existing":[684],"opens":[687],"within...":[689]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}