{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168411978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54648/woco2003023","title":"Should Private Antitrust Enforcement Be Encouraged in Europe?","display_name":"Should Private Antitrust Enforcement Be Encouraged in Europe?","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168411978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54648/woco2003023","mag":"2168411978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.54648/woco2003023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54648/woco2003023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54648/woco2003023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81845475","display_name":"World Competition","issn_l":"1011-4548","issn":["1011-4548","1875-8436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Competition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043347979","display_name":"Wouter P. J. Wils","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800387288","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32","country_code":"BE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320481043","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}],"countries":["BE","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wouter P. J. Wils","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Union - European Commission; King's College London - The Dickson Poon School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Union - European Commission; King's College London - The Dickson Poon School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043347979"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I2800387288"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8497,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94824582,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"Issue 3","first_page":"473","last_page":"488"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.6909000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11043","display_name":"Merger and Competition Analysis","score":0.6909000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14362","display_name":"Diverse Legal and Medical Studies","score":0.2152000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14448","display_name":"EU Law and Policy Analysis","score":0.054999999701976776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-antitrust-enforcement","display_name":"private antitrust enforcement","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-competition-law","display_name":"EU competition law","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-for-damages","display_name":"damages actions","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injunctions","display_name":"injunctions","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-authorities","display_name":"competition authorities","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corrective-justice","display_name":"corrective justice","score":0.6589999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.8370755910873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.6434183716773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.6021111607551575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5936686396598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.5879936814308167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65664369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5162854","display_name":"Consent decree","level":2,"score":0.5170860290527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.49750378727912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44914111495018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4348365068435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38936489820480347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24008944630622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2082521915435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.54648/woco2003023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54648/woco2003023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54648/woco2003023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81845475","display_name":"World Competition","issn_l":"1011-4548","issn":["1011-4548","1875-8436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Competition","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530032367","https://openalex.org/W2191841517","https://openalex.org/W2134389955","https://openalex.org/W2140782492","https://openalex.org/W1516078682","https://openalex.org/W2170184764","https://openalex.org/W181588661","https://openalex.org/W213051742","https://openalex.org/W2789284891","https://openalex.org/W4235185941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"EC":[1],"antitrust":[2,22,68,74,92,118,171,203],"prohibitions":[3,69],"are":[4,48,70],"regularly":[5],"invoked":[6],"in":[7,20,31,37,107,173,201,206],"private":[8,40,80,91,97,117,131,170],"litigation":[9],"as":[10,133,181],"a":[11,57,124,127,154,188,208],"shield.":[12],"Private":[13],"parties":[14],"also":[15,161],"play":[16],"an":[17,166],"important":[18],"role":[19,129,168],"public":[21,73,158],"enforcement":[23,75,93,172],"through":[24,157],"complaints":[25],"to":[26,79,164,186],"the":[27,35,38,62,67,104,113,134,140,176,202],"competition":[28],"authorities.":[29],"However,":[30],"marked":[32],"contrast":[33],"with":[34],"situation":[36,55],"US,":[39],"actions":[41],"for":[42,45,126,130,169,192],"damages":[43],"or":[44],"injunctive":[46],"relief":[47],"rare.":[49],"This":[50],"article":[51],"argues":[52],"that":[53,66],"this":[54,108],"is":[56,76,94,121,205],"desirable":[58],"one.":[59],"Indeed,":[60],"from":[61,103],"perspective":[63],"of":[64,83,112,116,137,145,178],"ensuring":[65],"not":[71,122,184],"violated,":[72],"inherently":[77],"superior":[78],"enforcement,":[81,132],"because":[82,90,111,196],"more":[84,150],"effective":[85],"investigative":[86],"and":[87,110,139,143,152,195],"sanctioning":[88],"powers,":[89],"driven":[95],"by":[96,175],"profit":[98],"motives":[99],"which":[100],"fundamentally":[101],"diverge":[102],"general":[105],"interest":[106],"area,":[109],"high":[114],"cost":[115,156],"enforcement.":[119,159],"There":[120],"even":[123],"case":[125],"supplementary":[128],"adequate":[135,141],"level":[136],"sanctions":[138],"number":[142],"variety":[144],"prosecutions":[146],"can":[147],"be":[148,187],"ensured":[149],"effectively":[151],"at":[153],"lower":[155],"It":[160],"seems":[162],"difficult":[163,210],"justify":[165],"increased":[167],"Europe":[174],"pursuit":[177],"corrective":[179,199],"justice,":[180],"there":[182],"does":[183],"appear":[185],"clear":[189],"social":[190],"need":[191],"such":[193],"action,":[194],"truly":[197],"achieving":[198],"justice":[200],"context":[204],"practice":[207],"very":[209],"task.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}