{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168300093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr293","title":"Racial and Geographic Factors in the Incidence of Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes\u2019 Disease: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Racial and Geographic Factors in the Incidence of Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes\u2019 Disease: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168300093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr293","mag":"2168300093","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22223709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/aje/kwr293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076353760","display_name":"Daniel Christopher Perry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8420-8252","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8420-8252"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel C. Perry","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. danperry@doctors.org.uk","School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. danperry@doctors.org.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110910727","display_name":"David Machin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. G. Machin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060506573","display_name":"Daniel P Pope","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2694-5478","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2694-5478"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Pope","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112196407","display_name":"Colin E. Bruce","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin E. Bruce","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111982948","display_name":"Peter Dangerfield","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Dangerfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060939872","display_name":"Mary Jane Platt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9372-9575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9372-9575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Jane Platt","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrew J. Hall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Population, Community and Behavioural Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076353760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"],"apc_list":{"value":4856,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4856},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4047,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":98,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7978022,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"175","issue":"3","first_page":"159","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12209","display_name":"Bone and Joint Diseases","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12209","display_name":"Bone and Joint Diseases","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11218","display_name":"Hip disorders and treatments","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10253","display_name":"Sarcoma Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legg-calve-perthes-disease","display_name":"Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes disease","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hip-osteonecrosis","display_name":"hip osteonecrosis","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incidence","display_name":"incidence","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-variation","display_name":"regional variation","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latitude","display_name":"latitude","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-asians","display_name":"East Asians","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-asians","display_name":"South Asians","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white","display_name":"white","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-determinants","display_name":"disease determinants","score":0.5040000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.781949520111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.767932653427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7178130745887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.6903269290924072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73269764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954529","display_name":"Poisson regression","level":3,"score":0.670293927192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167704817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295548","display_name":"Rate ratio","level":3,"score":0.6339689493179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.49383077025413513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.4736783802509308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.29455453157424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1988562047481537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.18022513389587402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007873","descriptor_name":"Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/aje/kwr293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22223709","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22223709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of epidemiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk:28630","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/28630/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402527","display_name":"LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","host_organization_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk:38959","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/38959/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400384","display_name":"UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","host_organization_name":"University of East Anglia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5676000118255615}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1921515170","https://openalex.org/W1979423827","https://openalex.org/W2001665046","https://openalex.org/W2045027053","https://openalex.org/W2047357184","https://openalex.org/W2060156058","https://openalex.org/W2104298979","https://openalex.org/W2117413499","https://openalex.org/W2123952035","https://openalex.org/W2125901159","https://openalex.org/W2130092945","https://openalex.org/W2130902366","https://openalex.org/W2145272223","https://openalex.org/W2164331547","https://openalex.org/W2219537119","https://openalex.org/W2255056618","https://openalex.org/W2260455728","https://openalex.org/W2266722032","https://openalex.org/W2292363121","https://openalex.org/W2336185566","https://openalex.org/W2342334373","https://openalex.org/W2343268318","https://openalex.org/W2405600744","https://openalex.org/W2408556763","https://openalex.org/W2412704952","https://openalex.org/W2415539036","https://openalex.org/W3028370077"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2468662835","https://openalex.org/W2047391413","https://openalex.org/W2130902366","https://openalex.org/W1973097977","https://openalex.org/W838760779","https://openalex.org/W2893092243","https://openalex.org/W2408556763","https://openalex.org/W2101195287","https://openalex.org/W2342334373","https://openalex.org/W2266722032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Legg-Calv\u00e9-Perthes'":[0],"disease":[1,14,28],"(Perthes'":[2],"disease)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,115,170,207,213],"childhood":[6],"osteonecrosis":[7],"of":[8,26,73,93,173,191,200,209,226],"the":[9,13,22,71,201,224],"hip":[10],"for":[11,154,178],"which":[12],"determinants":[15,225],"are":[16],"poorly":[17],"understood.":[18],"In":[19],"this":[20],"review,":[21],"authors":[23],"identify":[24],"studies":[25,81],"Perthes'":[27,227],"incidence":[29,97,134,143,159,189],"published":[30],"up":[31],"to":[32,42,69,109,132,205],"December":[33],"2010":[34],"and":[35,49,75,124],"make":[36],"denominator":[37,57],"populations":[38,58,85],"comparable":[39],"in":[40,86,183],"order":[41],"allow":[43],"meaningful":[44],"between-study":[45],"evaluation.":[46],"Incidence":[47],"rates":[48],"confidence":[50,149],"intervals":[51],"were":[52,59,130],"determined,":[53],"and,":[54],"where":[55],"appropriate,":[56],"obtained":[60],"from":[61,105],"national":[62],"statistical":[63],"offices.":[64],"Poisson":[65],"regression":[66],"was":[67,114,169,185],"used":[68],"determine":[70],"influence":[72],"race":[74],"geography.":[76],"The":[77,95],"review":[78],"included":[79],"21":[80],"that":[82],"described":[83],"27":[84],"16":[87],"countries,":[88],"with":[89,118,187],"124":[90],"million":[91],"person-years":[92],"observation.":[94],"annual":[96],"among":[98,135],"children":[99],"under":[100],"age":[101],"15":[102],"years":[103],"ranged":[104],"0.2":[106],"per":[107,111],"100,000":[108],"19.1":[110],"100,000.":[112],"Race":[113],"key":[116],"determinant,":[117],"East":[119,141,157],"Asians":[120,139],"being":[121],"least":[122],"affected":[123],"whites":[125,155],"most":[126],"affected,":[127],"though":[128],"data":[129],"insufficient":[131],"consider":[133],"blacks":[136],"(for":[137],"South":[138],"vs.":[140,156],"Asians,":[142,158],"rate":[144,160],"ratio":[145,161],"=":[146,162],"2.9,":[147],"95%":[148,164],"interval":[150],"(CI):":[151],"2.4,":[152],"3.5;":[153],"8.8,":[163],"CI:":[165,194],"8.2,":[166],"9.6).":[167],"Latitude":[168],"strong":[171,214],"predictor":[172],"disease,":[174],"even":[175],"after":[176],"adjustment":[177],"race.":[179],"Each":[180],"10\u00b0":[181],"increase":[182,190],"latitude":[184,211],"associated":[186],"an":[188],"1.44":[192],"(95%":[193],"1.30,":[195],"1.58)":[196],"times.":[197],"While":[198],"much":[199],"international":[202],"variation":[203],"appears":[204],"be":[206],"function":[208],"race,":[210],"demonstrates":[212],"association.":[215],"This":[216],"observation":[217],"may":[218],"offer":[219],"new":[220],"epidemiologic":[221],"insights":[222],"into":[223],"disease.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
