{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168237356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/303955","title":"The 4 YearCOBENormalization and Large\u2010Scale Structure","display_name":"The 4 YearCOBENormalization and Large\u2010Scale Structure","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168237356","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/303955","mag":"2168237356"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/303955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/303955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/303955","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/303955/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/303955/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047237685","display_name":"Emory F. Bunn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4681-1066","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4681-1066"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37415318","display_name":"Bates College","ror":"https://ror.org/003yn7c76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37415318"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emory F. Bunn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy and Physics, 44 Campus Avenue, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy and Physics, 44 Campus Avenue, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37415318"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065077728","display_name":"Martin J. White","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9912-5070","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9912-5070","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5474-4580"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin White","raw_affiliation_strings":["Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":64.1579,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":423,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99983605,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"480","issue":"1","first_page":"6","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.00559999980032444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11090","display_name":"Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobe-dmr","display_name":"COBE DMR","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"normalization","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-scale-structure","display_name":"large-scale structure","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structure-formation-models","display_name":"structure formation models","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karhunen-loeve-expansion","display_name":"Karhunen-Loeve transform","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmb-anisotropies","display_name":"cosmic microwave background anisotropies","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likelihood-function","display_name":"likelihood function","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic-variance","display_name":"cosmic variance","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.941457211971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132480984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2034239","display_name":"Goodness of fit","level":2,"score":0.5234893560409546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.513698935508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.41556575894355774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3927898406982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.35024166107177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3446659445762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3406085669994354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3015182912349701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07952705025672913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/303955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/303955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/303955","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/303955/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/9607060","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9607060","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9607060","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:306927","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/306927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9607060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9607060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9607060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/303955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/303955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/303955","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/303955/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2168237356.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2168237356.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1764753826","https://openalex.org/W1948203211","https://openalex.org/W1964245626","https://openalex.org/W1966060382","https://openalex.org/W1970073840","https://openalex.org/W1970571200","https://openalex.org/W1972007730","https://openalex.org/W1973175534","https://openalex.org/W1981400213","https://openalex.org/W1982364216","https://openalex.org/W1982702015","https://openalex.org/W1985535257","https://openalex.org/W1992431728","https://openalex.org/W1993687159","https://openalex.org/W1995230879","https://openalex.org/W1998248403","https://openalex.org/W2005276626","https://openalex.org/W2007325434","https://openalex.org/W2010341663","https://openalex.org/W2015731823","https://openalex.org/W2016548438","https://openalex.org/W2017681502","https://openalex.org/W2018795971","https://openalex.org/W2020657066","https://openalex.org/W2022171369","https://openalex.org/W2022302409","https://openalex.org/W2032606018","https://openalex.org/W2040009758","https://openalex.org/W2051694884","https://openalex.org/W2053673486","https://openalex.org/W2058028423","https://openalex.org/W2061397524","https://openalex.org/W2069230998","https://openalex.org/W2072902360","https://openalex.org/W2073946184","https://openalex.org/W2074005806","https://openalex.org/W2082272630","https://openalex.org/W2084034882","https://openalex.org/W2088876021","https://openalex.org/W2095034832","https://openalex.org/W2097004695","https://openalex.org/W2121323810","https://openalex.org/W2125142421","https://openalex.org/W2127896663","https://openalex.org/W2131935965","https://openalex.org/W2138030789","https://openalex.org/W2141436987","https://openalex.org/W2143931255","https://openalex.org/W2149027082","https://openalex.org/W2150681584","https://openalex.org/W2174586777","https://openalex.org/W2254526801","https://openalex.org/W2321647046","https://openalex.org/W2596778397","https://openalex.org/W2951714707","https://openalex.org/W2951915383","https://openalex.org/W2953215232","https://openalex.org/W2989344367","https://openalex.org/W3004198491","https://openalex.org/W3014078901","https://openalex.org/W3098093696","https://openalex.org/W3098208217","https://openalex.org/W3099544288","https://openalex.org/W3099955363","https://openalex.org/W3100539073","https://openalex.org/W3104796184","https://openalex.org/W3104822357","https://openalex.org/W3104879400","https://openalex.org/W3105584483","https://openalex.org/W3106327659","https://openalex.org/W3125928586","https://openalex.org/W4229601695"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2591697403","https://openalex.org/W1541538682","https://openalex.org/W2944728705","https://openalex.org/W2904022177","https://openalex.org/W2359348847","https://openalex.org/W3011538607","https://openalex.org/W4294432981","https://openalex.org/W4321441197","https://openalex.org/W2955895218","https://openalex.org/W2953716828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,14,62,82],"present":[1,63],"an":[2],"analysis":[3],"of":[4,19,29,31,34,36,48,52,60,66,80,95,101,106],"the":[5,10,20,25,50,67,84,99],"4":[6],"year":[7],"data":[8,22],"from":[9],"COBE":[11,85],"DMR":[12],"experiment.":[13],"use":[15,83],"a":[16,32,57,64,77,93],"Karhunen-Lo\u00e8ve":[17],"expansion":[18],"pixel":[21],"to":[23,87],"calculate":[24],"normalization":[26,43,51,68,86],"and":[27,45,69,97],"goodness":[28],"fit":[30],"range":[33,79],"models":[35,96],"structure":[37],"formation.":[38],"This":[39],"technique":[40],"produces":[41],"unbiased":[42],"estimates":[44],"is":[46],"capable":[47],"determining":[49],"any":[53],"particular":[54],"model":[55],"with":[56],"statistical":[58],"uncertainty":[59],"7%.":[61],"parameterization":[65],"likelihood":[70],"function":[71],"which":[72],"summarizes":[73],"our":[74],"results":[75,103],"for":[76,92,104],"wide":[78],"models.":[81],"compute":[88],"small-scale":[89],"fluctuation":[90],"amplitudes":[91],"variety":[94],"discuss":[98],"implications":[100],"these":[102],"theories":[105],"large-scale":[107],"structure.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}