{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168108558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.26002","title":"Low\u2010temperature dynamic nuclear polarization of gases in Frozen mixtures","display_name":"Low\u2010temperature dynamic nuclear polarization of gases in Frozen mixtures","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168108558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.26002","mag":"2168108558","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26444315","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4824673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/mrm.26002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.26002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.26002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111160002","display_name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","issn_l":"0740-3194","issn":["0740-3194","1522-2594"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4824673","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011126732","display_name":"Mehrdad Pourfathi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9145-6438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9145-6438"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrdad Pourfathi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA","Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031512057","display_name":"Justin T. Clapp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8744-0572","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8744-0572"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Clapp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013373381","display_name":"Stephen J. Kadlecek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5131-7994","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5131-7994"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen J. Kadlecek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013922975","display_name":"Caroline D. Keenan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline D. Keenan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059323964","display_name":"Rajat K. Ghosh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajat K. Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023825166","display_name":"Nicholas N. Kuzma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas N. Kuzma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113965643","display_name":"Rahim R. Rizi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8812-7118","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8812-7118"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rahim R. Rizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113965643"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":3680,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3680},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05041913,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"76","issue":"3","first_page":"1007","last_page":"1014"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11809","display_name":"Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications","score":0.8734999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11809","display_name":"Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications","score":0.8734999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11993","display_name":"Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research","score":0.12160000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12381","display_name":"Electron Spin Resonance Studies","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-nuclear-polarization","display_name":"dynamic nuclear polarization","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xenon-129","display_name":"xenon-129","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annealing","display_name":"annealing","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t1-relaxation","display_name":"T1 relaxation","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperpolarized-gases","display_name":"hyperpolarized gases","score":0.7350000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4339544","display_name":"Annealing (glass)","level":2,"score":0.7142069935798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548442186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1106","display_name":"Xenon","level":2,"score":0.6589192152023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.6533423066139221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6233249306678772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.5639406442642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.3998897075653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2640882134437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.14479613304138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.11989399790763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.07418450713157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06923556327819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003080","descriptor_name":"Cold Temperature","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005615","descriptor_name":"Freezing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005740","descriptor_name":"Gases","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005740","descriptor_name":"Gases","qualifier_ui":"Q000138","qualifier_name":"chemical synthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009682","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011868","descriptor_name":"Radioisotopes","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011868","descriptor_name":"Radioisotopes","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013048","descriptor_name":"Specimen Handling","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019544","descriptor_name":"Equipment Failure Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045424","descriptor_name":"Complex Mixtures","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045424","descriptor_name":"Complex Mixtures","qualifier_ui":"Q000138","qualifier_name":"chemical synthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055672","descriptor_name":"Static Electricity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/mrm.26002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.26002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.26002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111160002","display_name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","issn_l":"0740-3194","issn":["0740-3194","1522-2594"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26444315","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26444315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Magnetic resonance in medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4824673","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4824673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Magn Reson Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4824673","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4824673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Magn Reson Med","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3659350129","display_name":"Producing Large Quantities of Polarized Xenon with DNP Method","funder_award_id":"R01EB015767","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4296489528","display_name":"Comprehensive Assessment of Pulmonary Disorders Using Polarized 13C Technology","funder_award_id":"R01EB010208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00372qc85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W428131181","https://openalex.org/W1490861344","https://openalex.org/W1553569420","https://openalex.org/W1749888142","https://openalex.org/W1968914036","https://openalex.org/W1977993810","https://openalex.org/W1985717456","https://openalex.org/W1993453452","https://openalex.org/W2007458765","https://openalex.org/W2026740128","https://openalex.org/W2030801816","https://openalex.org/W2033082689","https://openalex.org/W2042124387","https://openalex.org/W2043627259","https://openalex.org/W2051386191","https://openalex.org/W2057490186","https://openalex.org/W2059900570","https://openalex.org/W2069124851","https://openalex.org/W2070916102","https://openalex.org/W2079563083","https://openalex.org/W2092808416","https://openalex.org/W2116092191","https://openalex.org/W2129327814","https://openalex.org/W3013856741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154489818","https://openalex.org/W2026740128","https://openalex.org/W2477988574","https://openalex.org/W2296347288","https://openalex.org/W4385547706","https://openalex.org/W4401574968","https://openalex.org/W2003455330","https://openalex.org/W2026143681","https://openalex.org/W2278689780","https://openalex.org/W1749888142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"To":[1],"present":[2],"a":[3,97,123,163],"new":[4],"cryogenic":[5],"technique":[6,175],"for":[7,14,56,63,72,79,104,116,176,184,203],"preparing":[8],"gaseous":[9],"compounds":[10],"in":[11,87,166,191],"solid":[12,180],"mixtures":[13,183],"polarization":[15,19,110,189],"using":[16,31,207],"dynamic":[17],"nuclear":[18],"(DNP).":[20],"METHODS:":[21],"(129)":[22,43,65,74,106,118,140,192],"Xe":[23,44,66,75,107,119,141,193],"and":[24,49,59,76,178,194],"(15)":[25,157,195],"N2":[26,158,196],"O":[27,197],"samples":[28,58,81],"were":[29,36,68,82],"prepared":[30],"the":[32,64,73,105,117,133,139,154,167],"presented":[33,174],"method.":[34],"Samples":[35],"hyperpolarized":[37],"at":[38,40,47,135],"1.42K":[39,50,103],"5":[41],"Tesla.":[42],"was":[45,121,143],"polarized":[46],"1.65K":[48,101],"to":[51,96,102,162,187],"compare":[52],"enhancement.":[53],"Polarization":[54],"levels":[55,190],"both":[57,80],"T1":[60,137],"relaxation":[61],"times":[62],"sample":[67,88,120,134,142],"measured.":[69],"Sample":[70],"pulverization":[71,131],"controlled":[77],"annealing":[78,160],"introduced":[83],"as":[84],"additional":[85],"steps":[86],"preparation.":[89],"RESULTS:":[90],"Enhancement":[91],"increased":[92,144],"by":[93,145,149],"15%":[94],"due":[95],"temperature":[98],"drop":[99],"from":[100,126],"sample.":[108],"A":[109],"level":[111,169],"of":[112,132,138,151,156],"20":[113],"\u00b1":[114,128],"3%":[115],"achieved,":[122],"two-fold":[124],"increase":[125,165],"10":[127],"1%":[129],"after":[130,170],"1.42K.":[136],"more":[146],"than":[147],"three-fold":[148],"means":[150],"annealing.":[152],"In":[153],"case":[155],"O,":[159],"led":[161,186],"\u223ctwo-fold":[164],"signal":[168],"DNP.":[171],"CONCLUSION:":[172],"The":[173],"producing":[177],"manipulating":[179],"gas/glassing":[181],"agent/radical":[182],"DNP":[185,208],"high":[188],"samples.":[198],"These":[199],"methods":[200],"show":[201],"potential":[202],"polarizing":[204],"other":[205],"gases":[206],"technology.":[209],"Magn":[210],"Reson":[211],"Med":[212],"76:1007-1014,":[213],"2016.":[214],"\u00a9":[215],"2015":[216],"Wiley":[217],"Periodicals,":[218],"Inc.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
