{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2167358596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1050.0132","title":"Self-Organization of Surface Transportation Networks","display_name":"Self-Organization of Surface Transportation Networks","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2167358596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1050.0132","mag":"2167358596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1287/trsc.1050.0132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1050.0132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1050.0132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130252234","display_name":"Transportation Science","issn_l":"0041-1655","issn":["0041-1655","1526-5447"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstreams/f4358047-ca7e-4407-aa1d-0a60757436b6/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084766858","display_name":"David Matthew Levinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-2963","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4563-2963"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Levinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455","Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083343757","display_name":"Bhanu M. Yerra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhanu Yerra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thurston Regional Planning Council, 2424 Court, Southwest, Suite A, Olympia, Washington 98502","University of Minnesota\u2010Twin Cities"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thurston Regional Planning Council, 2424 Court, Southwest, Suite A, Olympia, Washington 98502","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota\u2010Twin Cities","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.6955,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99135714,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":"179","last_page":"188"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.05040000006556511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.017799999564886093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-organization","display_name":"self-organization","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-hierarchy","display_name":"road hierarchy","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travel-demand-models","display_name":"travel demand models","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economies-of-scale","display_name":"economies of scale","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-boundaries","display_name":"network boundaries","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-asymmetry","display_name":"network asymmetry","score":0.7519999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6749963760375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5553165078163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5495537519454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.4951745569705963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4874153435230255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.44883012771606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29321873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5970087","display_name":"Economies of scale","level":2,"score":0.4396733343601227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.43719053268432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.41830888390541077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.41616785526275635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3693826198577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3531854748725891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.33512577414512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2945535182952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.26431387662887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2372247576713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19779470562934875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13145488500595093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.09614673256874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1287/trsc.1050.0132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1050.0132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.1050.0132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130252234","display_name":"Transportation Science","issn_l":"0041-1655","issn":["0041-1655","1526-5447"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315699","host_organization_name":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315699"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:conservancy.umn.edu:11299/179941","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/179941","pdf_url":"https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstreams/f4358047-ca7e-4407-aa1d-0a60757436b6/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402521","display_name":"University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.331.4279","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.331.4279","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://rational.ce.umn.edu/Papers/SelfOrganization.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3125705549","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/nexwpaper/selforganization.htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nex:wpaper:selforganization","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/179941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:conservancy.umn.edu:11299/179941","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/179941","pdf_url":"https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstreams/f4358047-ca7e-4407-aa1d-0a60757436b6/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402521","display_name":"University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.761900007724762,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G538491246","display_name":"CAREER: The Evolution of Transportation Networks: Empirical Research and Agent-Based Models","funder_award_id":"0236396","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2167358596.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2167358596.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W213176396","https://openalex.org/W599523810","https://openalex.org/W1517119764","https://openalex.org/W1559000686","https://openalex.org/W1596202346","https://openalex.org/W1609526117","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2009124915","https://openalex.org/W2023351488","https://openalex.org/W2028529903","https://openalex.org/W2066697733","https://openalex.org/W2085724441","https://openalex.org/W2096297916","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2117495845","https://openalex.org/W2121821841","https://openalex.org/W2478227765","https://openalex.org/W2889260602","https://openalex.org/W3123220352","https://openalex.org/W3123292280","https://openalex.org/W4249639574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100364849","https://openalex.org/W7100022734","https://openalex.org/W1542658713","https://openalex.org/W2240619837","https://openalex.org/W1581192183","https://openalex.org/W2386834744","https://openalex.org/W1835034257","https://openalex.org/W1606055789","https://openalex.org/W7098665679","https://openalex.org/W1535763634"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,89],"research":[1,90],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,74,78,87,103],"self-organization":[4],"of":[5,27,40,49,56,76,80,105],"surface":[6],"transportation":[7],"networks.":[8],"Using":[9],"a":[10,25,30,53],"travel":[11],"demand":[12],"model":[13],"coupled":[14],"with":[15,44,60],"revenue,":[16],"cost,":[17],"and":[18,47,82,95],"investment":[19],"models,":[20],"experiments":[21],"are":[22,73,98],"run":[23],"under":[24,52],"variety":[26],"parameters":[28],"on":[29],"grid":[31],"network.":[32,88],"It":[33],"is":[34],"found":[35],"that":[36,70,93],"roads,":[37],"contiguous":[38],"sections":[39],"multiple":[41],"links":[42],"operating":[43],"similar":[45],"characteristics,":[46],"hierarchies":[48],"roads":[50,63,94],"emerge":[51],"broad":[54],"range":[55],"assumptions":[57],"from":[58],"networks":[59],"neither":[61],"defined":[62],"nor":[64],"clearly":[65],"organized":[66],"hierarchies.":[67],"The":[68],"factors":[69],"drive":[71],"this":[72],"(dis)economies":[75],"scale,":[77],"presence":[79],"boundaries,":[81],"any":[83],"initial":[84],"asymmetry":[85],"in":[86],"thus":[91],"finds":[92],"hierarchies,":[96],"which":[97],"often":[99],"thought":[100],"to":[101],"be":[102],"product":[104],"conscious":[106],"design,":[107],"can":[108],"also":[109],"arise":[110],"without":[111],"such":[112],"intention.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
