{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2167303077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<34:sgiomm>2.0.co;2","title":"Substantial Genetic Influence on Mild Mental Impairment in Early Childhood","display_name":"Substantial Genetic Influence on Mild Mental Impairment in Early Childhood","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2167303077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<34:sgiomm>2.0.co;2","mag":"2167303077","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14651451"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<34:sgiomm>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<34:sgiomm>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<34:sgiomm>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26640217","display_name":"American Journal on Mental Retardation","issn_l":"0895-8017","issn":["0895-8017","1943-362X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4376884244","host_organization_name":"American Association on Mental Retardation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4376884244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association on Mental Retardation"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal on Mental Retardation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078824595","display_name":"Frank M. Spinath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-0452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-0452"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","display_name":"Bielefeld University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank M. Spinath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. fspin@uni-bielefeld.de"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany. fspin@uni-bielefeld.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075665013","display_name":"Nicole Harlaar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Harlaar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inst of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062438757","display_name":"Angelica Ronald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-2176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-2176"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelica Ronald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inst of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007723142","display_name":"Robert J. Plomin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0756-3629","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0756-3629"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Plomin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0939,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95244884,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"109","issue":"1","first_page":"34","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11015","display_name":"Down syndrome and intellectual disability research","score":0.6973000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11015","display_name":"Down syndrome and intellectual disability research","score":0.6973000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.18029999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.06909999996423721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-childhood","display_name":"early childhood","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-factors","display_name":"genetic factors","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heritability","display_name":"heritability","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monozygotic-twins","display_name":"monozygotic twins","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dizygotic-twins","display_name":"dizygotic twins","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/twin-concordance","display_name":"twin concordance","score":0.9620000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909599973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159979","display_name":"Dizygotic twins","level":2,"score":0.8882574439048767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161890455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503548","display_name":"Heritability","level":2,"score":0.7706454992294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6847844123840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169594400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244775","display_name":"Twin study","level":3,"score":0.5936704874038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.5231812596321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.46561694145202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020571626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159979","display_name":"Dizygotic twin","level":4,"score":0.41990092396736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3541862964630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.2877883315086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16281619668006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.10887226462364197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08066964149475098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004200","descriptor_name":"Diseases in Twins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007206","descriptor_name":"Individuality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007805","descriptor_name":"Language Development Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007805","descriptor_name":"Language Development Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009460","descriptor_name":"Neurologic Examination","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009483","descriptor_name":"Neuropsychological Tests","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011594","descriptor_name":"Psychometrics","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011596","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011596","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014429","descriptor_name":"Twins, Dizygotic","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014429","descriptor_name":"Twins, Dizygotic","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014430","descriptor_name":"Twins, Monozygotic","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<34:sgiomm>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<34:sgiomm>2.0.co;2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<34:sgiomm>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26640217","display_name":"American Journal on Mental Retardation","issn_l":"0895-8017","issn":["0895-8017","1943-362X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4376884244","host_organization_name":"American Association on Mental Retardation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4376884244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association on Mental Retardation"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal on Mental Retardation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14651451","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14651451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of mental retardation : AJMR","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.bbk.ac.uk.oai2:30898","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/30898/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400465","display_name":"BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98259816","host_organization_name":"Birkbeck, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98259816"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/cf730075-a847-43fc-b792-cb65cb580fff","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/cf730075-a847-43fc-b792-cb65cb580fff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Spinath, F M, Harlaar, N, Ronald, A & Plomin, R 2004, 'Substantial genetic influence on mild mental impairment in early childhood', American Journal of Mental Retardation, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 34 - 43. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<34:SGIOMM>2.0.CO;2","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6786390","https://openalex.org/W146111145","https://openalex.org/W574637621","https://openalex.org/W1012130428","https://openalex.org/W1510102152","https://openalex.org/W1515440908","https://openalex.org/W1561568624","https://openalex.org/W1604118788","https://openalex.org/W1696836216","https://openalex.org/W1966458378","https://openalex.org/W1975044964","https://openalex.org/W1976293919","https://openalex.org/W1984970732","https://openalex.org/W1993354858","https://openalex.org/W2007360373","https://openalex.org/W2009709232","https://openalex.org/W2012265674","https://openalex.org/W2022100075","https://openalex.org/W2029441511","https://openalex.org/W2046141452","https://openalex.org/W2051247981","https://openalex.org/W2056312953","https://openalex.org/W2057673720","https://openalex.org/W2060836014","https://openalex.org/W2066422013","https://openalex.org/W2071236151","https://openalex.org/W2072544710","https://openalex.org/W2072880596","https://openalex.org/W2072976197","https://openalex.org/W2075046624","https://openalex.org/W2082612867","https://openalex.org/W2084665828","https://openalex.org/W2089251444","https://openalex.org/W2107601960","https://openalex.org/W2113289439","https://openalex.org/W2124169262","https://openalex.org/W2141403362","https://openalex.org/W2150925047","https://openalex.org/W2171251197","https://openalex.org/W2492218352","https://openalex.org/W2492236884","https://openalex.org/W4210416677"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117245241","https://openalex.org/W2125526681","https://openalex.org/W2156793833","https://openalex.org/W2000270150","https://openalex.org/W7132658950","https://openalex.org/W4390814490","https://openalex.org/W2003461422","https://openalex.org/W7071030440","https://openalex.org/W2029280267","https://openalex.org/W2060836014"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"the":[2,27,45,92,95],"first":[3],"major":[4],"genetic":[5,77],"study":[6],"of":[7,15,36,53,94],"mild":[8,58,104],"mental":[9,59,105],"impairment.":[10],"From":[11],"a":[12,33,108],"representative":[13],"sample":[14],"3886":[16],"twins":[17,46],"(1314":[18],"monozygotic,":[19],"1296":[20],"dizygotic":[21,25,73],"same-sex,":[22,68],"and":[23,38,50,69,118],"1276":[24],"opposite-sex),":[26],"lowest":[28],"5%":[29],"were":[30,47,61],"selected":[31],"on":[32,114],"composite":[34],"measure":[35],"verbal":[37],"nonverbal":[39],"abilities":[40],"assessed":[41],"by":[42],"parents":[43],"when":[44],"2,":[48],"3,":[49],"4":[51],"years":[52],"age.":[54],"Twin":[55],"concordances":[56],"for":[57,63,67,71,91,111],"impairment":[60,106],"74%":[62],"monozygotic":[64],"twins,":[65,74],"45%":[66],"36%":[70],"opposite-sex":[72],"indicating":[75],"substantial":[76],"influence.":[78],"Model-fitting":[79],"analyses":[80],"estimated":[81],"group":[82],"heritability":[83,90],"as.49,":[84],"which":[85],"is":[86,107],"significantly":[87],"greater":[88],"than":[89],"rest":[93],"population":[96],"in":[97],"early":[98],"childhood.":[99],"These":[100],"results":[101],"suggest":[102],"that":[103],"good":[109],"target":[110],"neuroscience":[112],"research":[113],"global":[115],"brain":[116],"function":[117],"dysfunction.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}