{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2167071076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/21.105076","title":"MGA: a decision support system for complex, incompletely defined problems","display_name":"MGA: a decision support system for complex, incompletely defined problems","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2167071076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/21.105076","mag":"2167071076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/21.105076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/21.105076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/21.105076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://works.bepress.com/john_flach/62","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113520778","display_name":"E. Downey Brill","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E.D. Brill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091037083","display_name":"John M. Flach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-8198","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-8198"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.M. Flach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111513813","display_name":"Lewis D. Hopkins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.D. Hopkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110238495","display_name":"S. Ranji Ranjithan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Ranjithan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8292,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":139,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93902674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"745","last_page":"757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.48489999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.48489999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.33250001072883606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11734","display_name":"Decision Support System Applications","score":0.12070000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support-system","display_name":"decision support system","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-programming-model","display_name":"mathematical programming model","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-generation","display_name":"alternative generation","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-machine-decision-making","display_name":"human-machine decision-making","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-analysis","display_name":"sensitivity analysis","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-limitations","display_name":"model limitations","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6130582690238953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.596979558467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986080485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331926","display_name":"Decision maker","level":2,"score":0.5959519147872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.5314114689826965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5195772647857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.47315701842308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4340512752532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42606574296951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.35364073514938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3335856795310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2655158042907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.16923660039901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12840166687965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/21.105076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/21.105076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/21.105076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:corescholar.libraries.wright.edu:psychology-1364","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/psychology/364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400146","display_name":"CORE Scholar (Wright State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I19648265","host_organization_name":"Wright State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Psychology Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:john_flach-1061","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/john_flach/62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737205702","display_name":"Journal of Bioresource Management","issn_l":"2309-3854","issn":["2309-3854"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316536","host_organization_name":"Bioresource Research Center (BRC), Islamabad","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316536"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bioresource Research Center (BRC), Islamabad"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"John M. Flach","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:john_flach-1061","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/john_flach/62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737205702","display_name":"Journal of Bioresource Management","issn_l":"2309-3854","issn":["2309-3854"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316536","host_organization_name":"Bioresource Research Center (BRC), Islamabad","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316536"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bioresource Research Center (BRC), Islamabad"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"John M. Flach","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W158727920","https://openalex.org/W1509849422","https://openalex.org/W1540957701","https://openalex.org/W1586883016","https://openalex.org/W1587820170","https://openalex.org/W1629509382","https://openalex.org/W1768388903","https://openalex.org/W1965761421","https://openalex.org/W1966839060","https://openalex.org/W1978559004","https://openalex.org/W1979625382","https://openalex.org/W1986776260","https://openalex.org/W1992160928","https://openalex.org/W2005247308","https://openalex.org/W2006128682","https://openalex.org/W2010793828","https://openalex.org/W2023132252","https://openalex.org/W2046320751","https://openalex.org/W2052818883","https://openalex.org/W2058088559","https://openalex.org/W2064625566","https://openalex.org/W2076228332","https://openalex.org/W2087577272","https://openalex.org/W2087698439","https://openalex.org/W2099305423","https://openalex.org/W2100090900","https://openalex.org/W2104498718","https://openalex.org/W2106527522","https://openalex.org/W2107842873","https://openalex.org/W2109717918","https://openalex.org/W2115606767","https://openalex.org/W2124371667","https://openalex.org/W2146544027","https://openalex.org/W2319350549","https://openalex.org/W2476314745","https://openalex.org/W2579555219","https://openalex.org/W2987712311","https://openalex.org/W2990384283","https://openalex.org/W4230388455","https://openalex.org/W4253277788","https://openalex.org/W4256035966","https://openalex.org/W4292157289","https://openalex.org/W4301149100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2613930259","https://openalex.org/W56348913","https://openalex.org/W2184042660","https://openalex.org/W2800275207","https://openalex.org/W2801323461","https://openalex.org/W2752453588","https://openalex.org/W3123641332","https://openalex.org/W2909880774","https://openalex.org/W3039123993","https://openalex.org/W2899261962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modeling-to-generate":[0],"alternatives":[1,83],"(MGA)":[2],"is":[3,36,77],"a":[4,13,80,88],"technique":[5],"for":[6,19],"using":[7],"mathematical":[8,47],"programming":[9],"models":[10,48],"to":[11,23,62],"generate":[12],"small":[14],"number":[15],"of":[16,34,41,46,91],"different":[17,82],"solutions":[18],"the":[20,39,44,50,64,67,75],"decision":[21],"maker":[22],"consider":[24],"when":[25,74,85],"dealing":[26],"with":[27,79,87],"complex,":[28],"incompletely":[29],"defined":[30],"problems.":[31],"The":[32],"logic":[33],"MGA":[35],"presented":[37,61,78,86],"in":[38],"context":[40],"concerns":[42],"about":[43],"limitations":[45],"and":[49,57],"human":[51,76],"decision-makers":[52],"who":[53],"use":[54],"them.":[55],"Arguments":[56],"experimental":[58],"evidence":[59],"are":[60],"support":[63],"assumption":[65],"that":[66],"human-machine":[68],"decision-making":[69],"system":[70],"will":[71],"perform":[72],"better":[73],"few":[81],"than":[84],"homogeneous":[89],"set":[90],"alternatives,":[92],"as":[93],"might":[94],"result":[95],"from":[96],"sensitivity":[97],"analysis.>":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
