{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2166603417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2010.0067","title":"Memory and Reconciliation in the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute","display_name":"Memory and Reconciliation in the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2166603417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2010.0067","mag":"2166603417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/rap.2010.0067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2010.0067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2010.0067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764771562","display_name":"Rhetoric and Public Affairs","issn_l":"1094-8392","issn":["1094-8392","1534-5238"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316364","host_organization_name":"Michigan State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Michigan State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rhetoric & Public Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024354349","display_name":"Victoria J. Gallagher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7671-9845","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7671-9845"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Victoria J. Gallagher","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024354349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.2952,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98974455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"2","first_page":"303","last_page":"320"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11104","display_name":"Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11104","display_name":"Memory, Trauma, and Commemoration","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.0828000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12493","display_name":"Memory, violence, and history","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconciliation","display_name":"reconciliation","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collective-memory","display_name":"collective memory","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-commemoration","display_name":"public commemoration","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birmingham-campaign","display_name":"Birmingham campaign","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birmingham-alabama","display_name":"Birmingham, Alabama","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights-movement","display_name":"civil rights movement","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-desegregation","display_name":"school desegregation","score":0.6069999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.7201653718948364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994225426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191600","display_name":"Civil rights","level":2,"score":0.649992048740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776556313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050303","display_name":"Downtown","level":2,"score":0.643620491027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4991583824157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.48746585845947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779104420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179700","display_name":"Statue","level":2,"score":0.4354054033756256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4060755968093872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4013981521129608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.33412694931030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2984258532524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.20971029996871948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.18785426020622253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09891656041145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/rap.2010.0067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2010.0067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2010.0067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764771562","display_name":"Rhetoric and Public Affairs","issn_l":"1094-8392","issn":["1094-8392","1534-5238"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316364","host_organization_name":"Michigan State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Michigan State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rhetoric & Public Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/370733","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/370733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123327317","https://openalex.org/W1520944543","https://openalex.org/W1970004611","https://openalex.org/W1981972612","https://openalex.org/W1996489807","https://openalex.org/W1996884133","https://openalex.org/W1998447075","https://openalex.org/W2015256094","https://openalex.org/W2032146033","https://openalex.org/W2037193028","https://openalex.org/W2043323121","https://openalex.org/W2079813698","https://openalex.org/W2086891290","https://openalex.org/W2148064477"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2570845519","https://openalex.org/W2554591644","https://openalex.org/W2962916916","https://openalex.org/W2480337430","https://openalex.org/W2300676163","https://openalex.org/W4230123765","https://openalex.org/W4256000028","https://openalex.org/W7046121315","https://openalex.org/W2139778359","https://openalex.org/W4252348355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Memory":[0],"and":[1,38,110,116,121,130,184,191,205,217,223,237,264,276,294,305,319,367,375,418,433,444,447,466,472,475,514,520,536,583,590,626,643,647,657,667,687],"Reconciliation":[2],"in":[3,19,44,104,155,252,322,328,357,422,497,585,629],"the":[4,24,45,50,53,56,78,81,85,92,100,107,125,133,141,148,168,175,178,187,211,228,235,241,246,253,260,287,291,295,312,325,329,336,412,435,451,455,516,523,531,546,550,591,597,601,619,630,653,674,678],"Birmingham":[5,13,105,156,337,524],"Civil":[6,14,338],"Rights":[7,15,339],"Institute":[8,16,86,126,229,340,456],"Victoria":[9,345],"J.":[10],"Gallagher":[11,346],"The":[12,506],"is":[17,58,87,341,347,511],"located":[18],"downtown":[20],"Birmingham,":[21,138,209,423,454],"Alabama":[22],"across":[23],"street":[25],"from":[26,681],"Kelly":[27],"Ingram":[28],"Park":[29],"where":[30,63],"black":[31,66,415],"citizens":[32],"were":[33,68,147],"sprayed":[34],"with":[35,274,406],"fire":[36],"hoses":[37],"confronted":[39],"by":[40,70,200,441],"police":[41],"attack":[42],"dogs":[43],"spring":[46],"of":[47,55,80,84,99,143,177,189,240,259,267,279,315,350,414,437,453,493,504,508,522,533,560,570,599,603,607,611,623,652,677],"1963.":[48],"Across":[49],"street,":[51],"on":[52,74,119,127,194,684],"side":[54],"Institute,":[57,212],"Sixteenth":[59],"Street":[60],"Baptist":[61],"church":[62],"four":[64],"young":[65],"girls":[67],"killed":[69],"a":[71,88,96,128,165,344,397,462,485,498,502,534,567,617,638,661],"bomb":[72],"blast":[73],"September":[75],"15,1963.":[76],"To":[77,671],"right":[79],"front":[82],"entrance":[83],"statue":[89],"that":[90,135,158,195,230,410,572,634,672],"memorializes":[91],"Reverend":[93],"Fred":[94,404],"Shuttlesworth,":[95],"key":[97],"leader":[98],"civil":[101,247,316,399,419,627],"rights":[102,248,400,420,628],"efforts":[103,421],"during":[106,157,245],"late":[108],"1950s":[109],"early":[111],"1960s":[112],"who":[113,146],"endured":[114],"bombings":[115],"physical":[117],"attacks":[118],"himself":[120,190],"his":[122,192,553],"family.":[123],"Visiting":[124],"Sunday,":[129],"walking":[131],"through":[132],"gallery":[134,179],"depicts":[136],"segregated":[137,182],"I":[139],"met":[140],"father":[142],"two":[144,368],"boys":[145],"first":[149,675],"to":[150,174,181,220,233,300,311,363,396,428,478,512,548,587,663],"integrate":[151],"an":[152,407],"all-white":[153],"school":[154],"turbulent":[159],"time.":[160],"He":[161,170],"now":[162],"serves":[163],"as":[164,286,564],"volunteer":[166],"at":[167,210,352],"Institute.":[169,525],"took":[171],"me":[172,186],"over":[173],"portion":[176],"devoted":[180,232],"schooling":[183],"showed":[185],"picture":[188],"sons":[193],"most":[196],"difficult":[197],"day,":[198],"surrounded":[199],"angry":[201],"white":[202],"people":[203],"yelling":[204],"shaking":[206],"fists.":[207],"In":[208,596],"historical":[213],"conflicts":[214,645,648],"are":[215,231],"localized":[216],"brought":[218],"close":[219,275],"home.":[221],"Memorials":[222],"monuments,":[224],"including":[225],"those":[226],"like":[227],"honoring":[234],"accomplishments":[236],"reminding":[238],"us":[239],"tragic":[242],"losses":[243],"accrued":[244],"movement,":[249],"have":[250,270,298,307],"proliferated":[251],"last":[254],"decade.":[255],"Various":[256],"theoretical":[257],"explanations":[258],"motivations,":[261],"social":[262,592],"consequences,":[263],"material":[265,561,578,658],"nature":[266,622],"such":[268,285,302,332,563],"artifacts":[269,562],"been":[271],"offered":[272],"along":[273],"provocative":[277],"analyses":[278],"specific":[280],"memorials.1":[281],"While":[282],"national":[283],"memorials":[284,320,565,636],"Vietnam":[288],"Veterans":[289],"Memorial,":[290],"Holocaust":[292],"Museum,":[293],"Aids":[296],"Quilt":[297],"tended":[299],"dominate":[301],"scholarship,":[303],"critics":[304],"theorists":[306],"begun":[308],"paying":[309],"attention":[310],"increasing":[313],"number":[314],"rights-related":[317],"museums":[318],"appearing":[321],"communities":[323],"around":[324],"country,":[326],"particularly":[327,609],"Southeast.2":[330],"Among":[331],"public":[333],"commemorative":[334],"artifacts,":[335],"unique,":[342],"combining":[343],"Associate":[348],"Professor":[349],"Communication":[351],"North":[353,359],"Carolina":[354],"State":[355],"University":[356],"Raleigh,":[358],"Carolina.":[360],"She":[361],"wishes":[362],"thank":[364],"Carole":[365],"Blair":[366],"anonymous":[369],"reviewers":[370],"for":[371,464,575],"their":[372,577],"valuable":[373],"comments":[374],"suggestions.":[376],"\u00a9":[377],"Rhetoric":[378,391],"&":[379,392],"Public":[380,393],"Affairs":[381,394],"Vol.":[382],"2,":[383],"No.":[384],"2,1999,":[385],"pp.":[386],"303-320":[387],"ISSN":[388],"1094-8392":[389],"304":[390],"memorial":[395],"living":[398],"activist":[401],"(the":[402],"Rev.":[403],"Shuttlesworth)":[405],"interactive":[408],"museum":[409],"recreates":[411],"story":[413],"citizens,":[416],"racism,":[417],"Alabama.3":[424],"By":[425],"enabling":[426],"visitors":[427],"look":[429],"at,":[430],"listen":[431],"to,":[432],"feel":[434],"kinds":[436],"institutional":[438,491],"discourse":[439,492],"experienced":[440],"blacks,":[442],"whites,":[443],"other":[445],"racial":[446],"ethnic":[448],"groups":[449],"throughout":[450],"history":[452],"meets":[457],"its":[458,494,669],"professed":[459],"goal,":[460],"establishing":[461],"space":[463],"rethinking":[465],"re-envisioning":[467],"our":[468,470,476],"past,":[469],"current":[471],"future":[473],"selves,":[474],"relationships":[477],"one":[479],"another.":[480],"Yet":[481],"it":[482],"also":[483],"creates":[484],"largely":[486,544],"unnoticed":[487],"but":[488],"silently":[489],"powerful":[490],"own,":[495],"entrenched":[496],"highly":[499,620],"Americanized":[500],"theme,":[501],"\"tradition":[503],"progress.\"":[505],"goal":[507],"this":[509,665],"paper":[510,679],"describe":[513],"analyze":[515],"rhetorical":[517,528,540],"consequence,":[518],"form,":[519],"content":[521],"Whereas":[526],"traditional":[527],"criticism":[529,559],"emphasizes":[530],"intent":[532],"rhetor":[535,551],"determines":[537],"effect":[538,571],"(and":[539],"success":[541],")":[542],"based":[543],"upon":[545],"extent":[547],"which":[549],"accomplishes":[552],"or":[554],"her":[555],"goal(s)":[556],"via":[557],"language,":[558],"requires":[566],"broader":[568],"conceptualization":[569],"can":[573],"account":[574],"both":[576],"form":[579],"(emphasizing":[580],"visual":[581,655,685],"vocabularies":[582,656],"contexts":[584],"addition":[586],"linguistic":[588],"ones)":[589],"functions":[593],"they":[594],"enable.":[595],"case":[598],"memorials,":[600],"consequences":[602],"materiality":[604],"include":[605],"issues":[606],"partisanship,":[608],"institutionalization":[610],"memory":[612],"and,":[613],"thereby,":[614],"value.":[615],"As":[616],"result,":[618],"contested":[621],"race":[624],"relations":[625],"United":[631],"States":[632],"means":[633],"related":[635],"enact":[637],"dialectical":[639],"tension":[640,666],"between":[641],"reconciliation":[642],"amnesia,":[644],"resolved":[646],"simply":[649],"reconfigured.":[650],"Analysis":[651],"Institute's":[654],"presence":[659],"provides":[660],"way":[662],"illuminate":[664],"determine":[668],"implications.":[670],"end,":[673],"section":[676],"draws":[680],"recent":[682],"scholarship":[683],"grammar":[686],"argument,":[688],"cultural":[689],"memory,":[690],"and...":[691]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}