{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2166602148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00445-10","title":"Human Hypervirulent Clostridium difficile Strains Exhibit Increased Sporulation as Well as Robust Toxin Production","display_name":"Human Hypervirulent Clostridium difficile Strains Exhibit Increased Sporulation as Well as Robust Toxin Production","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2166602148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00445-10","mag":"2166602148","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20675495","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2944552"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1128/jb.00445-10","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00445-10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00445-10","pdf_url":"https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/192/19/4904.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133274750","display_name":"Journal of Bacteriology","issn_l":"0021-9193","issn":["0021-9193","1067-8832","1098-5530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Bacteriology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/192/19/4904.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033243316","display_name":"Michelle M. Merrigan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304196042","display_name":"Loyola University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05xcyt367","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042","https://openalex.org/I1304269903"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Merrigan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090530319","display_name":"Anilrudh A. Venugopal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304196042","display_name":"Loyola University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05xcyt367","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042","https://openalex.org/I1304269903"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anilrudh Venugopal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053994011","display_name":"Michael Mallozzi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Mallozzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008871897","display_name":"Bryan P. Roxas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0139-2232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0139-2232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Roxas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019164833","display_name":"V. K. Viswanathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-9865","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-9865"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. K. Viswanathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042181538","display_name":"Stuart Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9548-229X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9548-229X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304196042","display_name":"Loyola University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05xcyt367","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042","https://openalex.org/I1304269903"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802230104","display_name":"Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02223wv31","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2802230104","https://openalex.org/I4210115976"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois","Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802230104"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002008542","display_name":"Dale N. Gerding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4409-1605","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4409-1605"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304196042","display_name":"Loyola University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05xcyt367","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042","https://openalex.org/I1304269903"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802230104","display_name":"Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02223wv31","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I2802230104","https://openalex.org/I4210115976"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dale N. Gerding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois","Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hines VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802230104"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304196042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017921517","display_name":"Gayatri Vedantam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3144-0610","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3144-0610"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098770","display_name":"Southern Arizona VA Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/00xb4cb83","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210098770","https://openalex.org/I4210138663"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gayatri Vedantam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System, Tucson, Arizona","University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System, Tucson, Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098770"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017921517"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243","https://openalex.org/I4210098770"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.7995,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":271,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99679446,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"192","issue":"19","first_page":"4904","last_page":"4911"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10943","display_name":"Escherichia coli research studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1310","display_name":"Endocrinology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10195","display_name":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridioides-difficile","display_name":"Clostridium difficile","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervirulent-strains","display_name":"hypervirulent strains","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxin-production","display_name":"toxin production","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tcda","display_name":"TcdA","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tcdb","display_name":"TcdB","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sporulation","display_name":"sporulation","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea","display_name":"antibiotic-associated diarrhea","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-expression","display_name":"gene expression","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/read-through-transcription","display_name":"read-through transcription","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-genomics","display_name":"comparative genomics","score":0.5460000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777367657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184651","display_name":"Toxin","level":2,"score":0.8738359212875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.8536310791969299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.6962201595306396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97505648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135488","display_name":"Clostridium difficile toxin A","level":4,"score":0.6532353758811951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994496256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27031090","display_name":"Clostridium difficile","level":3,"score":0.6234099864959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66999527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421978","display_name":"Enterotoxin","level":4,"score":0.5187975764274597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776607351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592153","display_name":"Clostridiaceae","level":3,"score":0.49720314145088196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60987743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460232","display_name":"Virulence","level":3,"score":0.4948236346244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134193097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135489","display_name":"Clostridium difficile toxin B","level":5,"score":0.45099401473999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.44293367862701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.26508474349975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.16501790285110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547475151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419","display_name":"Escherichia coli","level":3,"score":0.07890591025352478}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001426","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001426","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001427","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Toxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001427","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Toxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004768","descriptor_name":"Enterotoxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004768","descriptor_name":"Enterotoxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004797","descriptor_name":"Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012097","descriptor_name":"Repressor Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012097","descriptor_name":"Repressor Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013171","descriptor_name":"Spores, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013171","descriptor_name":"Spores, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014774","descriptor_name":"Virulence","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014774","descriptor_name":"Virulence","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1128/jb.00445-10","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00445-10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00445-10","pdf_url":"https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/192/19/4904.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133274750","display_name":"Journal of Bacteriology","issn_l":"0021-9193","issn":["0021-9193","1067-8832","1098-5530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Bacteriology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2944552","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2944552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Bacteriol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:20675495","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20675495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of bacteriology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1128/jb.00445-10","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00445-10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.00445-10","pdf_url":"https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/192/19/4904.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133274750","display_name":"Journal of Bacteriology","issn_l":"0021-9193","issn":["0021-9193","1067-8832","1098-5530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Bacteriology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2166602148.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86580423","https://openalex.org/W1483247593","https://openalex.org/W1970462201","https://openalex.org/W1997063790","https://openalex.org/W2000755885","https://openalex.org/W2003466319","https://openalex.org/W2004548026","https://openalex.org/W2025024815","https://openalex.org/W2030331971","https://openalex.org/W2048566228","https://openalex.org/W2049355215","https://openalex.org/W2055985922","https://openalex.org/W2058510586","https://openalex.org/W2076701025","https://openalex.org/W2091100031","https://openalex.org/W2097154683","https://openalex.org/W2097952048","https://openalex.org/W2100938352","https://openalex.org/W2101233913","https://openalex.org/W2101902374","https://openalex.org/W2104403177","https://openalex.org/W2104518766","https://openalex.org/W2106851418","https://openalex.org/W2106882534","https://openalex.org/W2107277218","https://openalex.org/W2107600264","https://openalex.org/W2109295007","https://openalex.org/W2113976657","https://openalex.org/W2115419460","https://openalex.org/W2125054694","https://openalex.org/W2129366833","https://openalex.org/W2135921763","https://openalex.org/W2141951202","https://openalex.org/W2142552648","https://openalex.org/W2144646532","https://openalex.org/W2149544927","https://openalex.org/W2153666288","https://openalex.org/W2154241726","https://openalex.org/W2158896201","https://openalex.org/W2163423623","https://openalex.org/W2410017387","https://openalex.org/W2415895421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069027256","https://openalex.org/W1565359585","https://openalex.org/W2020304223","https://openalex.org/W2097154683","https://openalex.org/W7097603124","https://openalex.org/W1510868253","https://openalex.org/W1028222137","https://openalex.org/W2163423623","https://openalex.org/W2981523150","https://openalex.org/W2057832786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Toxigenic":[0],"Clostridium":[1],"difficile":[2,25,92,314],"strains":[3,49,159,181,227],"produce":[4,50],"two":[5],"toxins":[6],"(TcdA":[7],"and":[8,16,38,55,89,97,99,104,120,134,142,193,234,248,270,276,285],"TcdB)":[9],"during":[10,164],"the":[11,18,28,83,115,125,154,165,170,179,223,243,249,274,306],"stationary":[12,166,204],"phase":[13,167],"of":[14,21,27,53,82,86,131,168,178,222,273],"growth":[15,70],"are":[17],"leading":[19],"cause":[20],"antibiotic-associated":[22],"diarrhea.":[23],"C.":[24,91,313],"isolates":[26,280],"molecular":[29],"type":[30],"NAP1/027/BI":[31],"have":[32,210],"been":[33,44],"associated":[34,310],"with":[35,298,311],"severe":[36],"disease":[37,308],"hospital":[39],"outbreaks":[40],"worldwide.":[41],"It":[42],"has":[43],"suggested":[45],"that":[46,56,207,254],"these":[47],"\"hypervirulent\"":[48],"larger":[51],"amounts":[52,171,186],"toxin":[54,66,84,100,150,162,185,232,238,260,300],"a":[57,60,79,211,215,255],"mutation":[58],"in":[59,139,203,242,262,296],"putative":[61],"negative":[62],"regulator":[63,102],"(TcdC)":[64],"allows":[65],"production":[67,85,163,261],"at":[68],"all":[69,290],"phases.":[71],"To":[72,110],"rigorously":[73],"explore":[74],"this":[75],"possibility,":[76],"we":[77],"conducted":[78],"quantitative":[80],"examination":[81],"multiple":[87],"hypervirulent":[88,141,158,312],"nonhypervirulent":[90,143,180,226],"strains.":[93,315],"Toxin":[94],"gene":[95,101,195],"(tcdA":[96],"tcdB)":[98],"(tcdR":[103],"tcdC)":[105],"expression":[106,136,199],"was":[107],"also":[108],"monitored.":[109],"obtain":[111],"additional":[112],"correlates":[113],"for":[114,258],"hypervirulence":[116],"phenotype,":[117],"sporulation":[118],"kinetics":[119],"efficiency":[121],"were":[122,137,152,172,187],"measured.":[123],"In":[124],"exponential":[126],"phase,":[127,205],"low":[128],"basal":[129],"levels":[130,151],"tcdA,":[132,191],"tcdB,":[133,192],"tcdR":[135,194,244],"evident":[138],"both":[140],"strains,":[144],"but":[145],"contrary":[146],"to":[147,190,305],"previous":[148],"assumptions,":[149],"below":[153],"detectable":[155],"thresholds.":[156],"While":[157],"displayed":[160],"robust":[161,299],"growth,":[169],"not":[173,201],"significantly":[174,282],"different":[175],"from":[176],"those":[177],"tested;":[182],"further,":[183],"total":[184],"directly":[188],"proportional":[189],"expression.":[196],"Interestingly,":[197],"tcdC":[198],"did":[200,286],"diminish":[202],"suggesting":[206,253],"TcdC":[208],"may":[209,302],"modulatory":[212],"rather":[213],"than":[214,289],"strictly":[216],"repressive":[217],"role.":[218],"Comparative":[219],"genomic":[220],"analyses":[221],"closely":[224],"related":[225],"VPI":[228,263],"10463":[229,264],"(the":[230,236],"highest":[231],"producer)":[233,239],"630":[235],"lowest":[237],"revealed":[240],"polymorphisms":[241],"ribosome":[245],"binding":[246],"site":[247],"tcdR-tcdB":[250],"intergenic":[251],"region,":[252],"mechanistic":[256],"basis":[257],"increased":[259,267],"could":[265],"be":[266],"TcdR":[268],"translation":[269],"read-through":[271],"transcription":[272],"tcdA":[275],"tcdB":[277],"genes.":[278],"Hypervirulent":[279],"produced":[281],"more":[283],"spores,":[284],"so":[287],"earlier,":[288],"other":[291],"isolates.":[292],"Increased":[293],"sporulation,":[294],"potentially":[295],"synergy":[297],"production,":[301],"therefore":[303],"contribute":[304],"widespread":[307],"now":[309]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":28}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}