{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2166233633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036331","title":"Unloading and reloading working memory: Attending to one item frees capacity.","display_name":"Unloading and reloading working memory: Attending to one item frees capacity.","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2166233633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036331","mag":"2166233633","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24730737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/a0036331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26008998","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance","issn_l":"0096-1523","issn":["0096-1523","1939-1277"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035573844","display_name":"Alessandra S. Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1057-8426","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1057-8426"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandra S. Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Zurich"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1057-8426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083756401","display_name":"Laura Rerko","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Rerko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Zurich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031955814","display_name":"Klaus Oberauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-7318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3902-7318"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Oberauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Zurich"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.6605,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":120,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99216646,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"3","first_page":"1237","last_page":"1256"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.37450000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.37450000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.3418000042438507,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.19629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory","display_name":"working memory","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retro-cue","display_name":"retro-cue","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-capacity","display_name":"memory capacity","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set-size-effect","display_name":"set-size effect","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-recognition-memory","display_name":"visual recognition memory","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-enhancement","display_name":"memory enhancement","score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degradation","display_name":"degradation","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attentional-prioritization","display_name":"attentional prioritization","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retention-interval","display_name":"retention interval","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-encoding","display_name":"sequential encoding","score":0.3959999978542328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83195618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590951","display_name":"Cued speech","level":2,"score":0.9028511047363281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.7702012062072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6801999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777615720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888847","display_name":"Prioritization","level":2,"score":0.6545872688293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6511871814727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6387236714363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5880313515663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27853696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3480151","display_name":"Interference theory","level":4,"score":0.47475627064704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.40661874413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30928200483322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.14951840043067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003118","descriptor_name":"Color Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003463","descriptor_name":"Cues","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004192","descriptor_name":"Discrimination, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009949","descriptor_name":"Orientation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010364","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Visual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012153","descriptor_name":"Retention, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/a0036331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26008998","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance","issn_l":"0096-1523","issn":["0096-1523","1939-1277"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24730737","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24730737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:96312","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/96312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Souza, Alessandra S; Rerko, Laura; Oberauer, Klaus (2014). Unloading and reloading working memory: Attending to one item frees capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(3):1237-1256.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:20.500.14742/105238","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/handle/20.500.14742/105238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Souza, A. S., Rerko, L., & Oberauer, K. (2014). Unloading and reloading working memory: Attending to one item frees capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40, 1237\u20131256. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036331","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7799758019","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"100014_126766/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G86553386","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FK-13-083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323874","funder_display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323874","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47851333","https://openalex.org/W1524319988","https://openalex.org/W1587094587","https://openalex.org/W1747565446","https://openalex.org/W1912975988","https://openalex.org/W1964939062","https://openalex.org/W1970624555","https://openalex.org/W1974297179","https://openalex.org/W1980538552","https://openalex.org/W1986470272","https://openalex.org/W1997113654","https://openalex.org/W2002604409","https://openalex.org/W2004242078","https://openalex.org/W2013142139","https://openalex.org/W2017108196","https://openalex.org/W2018537454","https://openalex.org/W2019031050","https://openalex.org/W2020565603","https://openalex.org/W2024182709","https://openalex.org/W2031936999","https://openalex.org/W2033648283","https://openalex.org/W2038422875","https://openalex.org/W2052774471","https://openalex.org/W2061445001","https://openalex.org/W2066223255","https://openalex.org/W2066859335","https://openalex.org/W2071588400","https://openalex.org/W2072875864","https://openalex.org/W2081586675","https://openalex.org/W2084199836","https://openalex.org/W2086596162","https://openalex.org/W2089948141","https://openalex.org/W2092181737","https://openalex.org/W2098669973","https://openalex.org/W2101029662","https://openalex.org/W2105575472","https://openalex.org/W2106654511","https://openalex.org/W2121570466","https://openalex.org/W2125728075","https://openalex.org/W2134598164","https://openalex.org/W2149985837","https://openalex.org/W2153689714","https://openalex.org/W2156963988","https://openalex.org/W2157709706","https://openalex.org/W2158585053","https://openalex.org/W2160363251","https://openalex.org/W2164473465","https://openalex.org/W2172199324","https://openalex.org/W4294214781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3097041486","https://openalex.org/W4283760492","https://openalex.org/W2617882666","https://openalex.org/W3129251167","https://openalex.org/W2997768205","https://openalex.org/W4362662681","https://openalex.org/W2808427817","https://openalex.org/W2973627505","https://openalex.org/W2340942985","https://openalex.org/W3205036441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,17,23,48,64,73,92,114,135,140,146,153,163,187,193],"retention":[2],"interval":[3],"of":[4,16,37,42,47,113,134,186],"a":[5,10,78],"working":[6,20,171],"memory":[7,130,151],"task,":[8,81],"presenting":[9],"retro-cue":[11,115,194],"directs":[12],"attention":[13],"to":[14,27,90,175,192],"1":[15,68,101,137],"items":[18],"in":[19,77,117],"memory.":[21],"Testing":[22],"cued":[24,49,188],"item":[25,138,189],"leads":[26],"faster":[28],"and":[29,60,82,102,123],"more":[30,87],"accurate":[31],"responses.":[32],"We":[33],"contrasted":[34],"5":[35,107],"explanations":[36,112],"this":[38,118],"benefit:":[39],"(a)":[40],"removal":[41,164],"noncued":[43],"items,":[44],"(b)":[45],"strengthening":[46,185],"item,":[50],"(c)":[51],"protection":[52,57],"from":[53,58,139,170],"probe":[54],"interference,":[55],"(d)":[56],"degradation,":[59],"(e)":[61],"prioritization":[62],"during":[63,145],"decision":[65],"process.":[66],"Experiment":[67,179],"showed":[69],"that":[70,184],"retro-cues":[71],"reduced":[72],"set":[74,142],"size":[75],"effect":[76],"visual":[79],"recognition":[80],"did":[83],"so":[84],"increasingly":[85],"with":[86],"time":[88],"available":[89],"use":[91],"retro-cue.":[93],"This":[94,156],"finding":[95],"is":[96,159],"predicted":[97,160],"only":[98,161],"by":[99,162],"Hypotheses":[100,104],"2.":[103],"3":[105,180],"through":[106],"were":[108],"ruled":[109],"out":[110],"as":[111],"benefit":[116,158],"experiment.":[119],"In":[120,132],"Experiments":[121],"2":[122,127],"3,":[124],"participants":[125],"encoded":[126],"sequentially":[128],"presented":[129],"sets.":[131],"half":[133],"trials,":[136],"first":[141],"was":[143],"retro-cued":[144],"interset":[147],"interval.":[148],"Retro-cues":[149],"improved":[150],"for":[152],"second":[154],"set.":[155],"reloading":[157],"hypothesis:":[165],"Irrelevant":[166],"contents":[167],"are":[168],"removed":[169],"memory,":[172],"freeing":[173],"capacity":[174],"encode":[176],"new":[177],"contents.":[178],"also":[181],"yielded":[182],"evidence":[183],"might":[190],"contribute":[191],"effect.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
