{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2165600145","doi":null,"title":"Manipulating the genetic code: jurisprudential conundrums.","display_name":"Manipulating the genetic code: jurisprudential conundrums.","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2165600145","mag":"2165600145","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11660899"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:11660899","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11660899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Georgetown law journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar/714","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112763106","display_name":"George P. Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84470341","display_name":"Catholic University of America","ror":"https://ror.org/047yk3s18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84470341"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George P Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Catholic University of America (CUA) - Columbus School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Catholic University of America (CUA) - Columbus School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84470341"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112763106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84470341"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77546043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"3","first_page":"697","last_page":"733"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13275","display_name":"Medical and Health Sciences Research","score":0.5210000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13275","display_name":"Medical and Health Sciences Research","score":0.5210000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.28369998931884766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13417","display_name":"Biomedical Ethics and Regulation","score":0.13819999992847443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-engineering","display_name":"genetic engineering","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biotechnology-law","display_name":"biotechnology law","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-vitro-fertilization","display_name":"in vitro fertilization","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioethics","display_name":"bioethics","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-humanism","display_name":"scientific humanism","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-good","display_name":"common good","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-biotechnology","display_name":"history of biotechnology","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-regulation-of-science","display_name":"government regulation of science","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-costs","display_name":"health care costs","score":0.5099999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153606108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46158","display_name":"Humanism","level":2,"score":0.696561336517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.6264969110488892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6089653968811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.584312379360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.47246575355529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.47195783257484436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.46316277980804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188084074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194294","display_name":"Bioethics","level":2,"score":0.42994821071624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23213167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2351730","display_name":"Scientific progress","level":2,"score":0.41651037335395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.4100736975669861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.40386807918548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.40176963806152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3681330680847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.36112600564956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.19374212622642517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1861206591129303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1691368818283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13758507370948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07724714279174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000025","descriptor_name":"Abortion, Eugenic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000649","descriptor_name":"Amniocentesis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003068","descriptor_name":"Coercion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004624","descriptor_name":"Embryo Transfer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004989","descriptor_name":"Ethics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005053","descriptor_name":"Eugenics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005307","descriptor_name":"Fertilization in Vitro","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005818","descriptor_name":"Genetic Engineering","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005820","descriptor_name":"Genetic Testing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006076","descriptor_name":"Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006805","descriptor_name":"Human Experimentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007315","descriptor_name":"Insemination, Artificial","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007603","descriptor_name":"Jurisprudence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008393","descriptor_name":"Marriage","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011296","descriptor_name":"Prenatal Diagnosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012098","descriptor_name":"Reproduction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012108","descriptor_name":"Research Personnel","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012926","descriptor_name":"Social Control, Formal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012927","descriptor_name":"Social Control, Informal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012935","descriptor_name":"Social Justice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012941","descriptor_name":"Social Responsibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012946","descriptor_name":"Social Welfare","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017041","descriptor_name":"Ethics Committees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019976","descriptor_name":"Cloning, Organism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D027724","descriptor_name":"Reproductive Techniques, Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D028744","descriptor_name":"Ethics Committees, Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033161","descriptor_name":"Government Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035082","descriptor_name":"Federal Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D037141","descriptor_name":"Mandatory Programs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:11660899","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11660899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Georgetown law journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.edu:scholar-1713","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar/714","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar/714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196759","display_name":"Scholarship at Catholic Law (Catholic University of America)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84470341","host_organization_name":"Catholic University of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84470341"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scholarly Articles","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/544473","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/544473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"14663","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3123907417","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11660899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.edu:scholar-1713","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar/714","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar/714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196759","display_name":"Scholarship at Catholic Law (Catholic University of America)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84470341","host_organization_name":"Catholic University of America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84470341"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scholarly Articles","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2165600145.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W182070170","https://openalex.org/W99116338","https://openalex.org/W626280457","https://openalex.org/W7111858148","https://openalex.org/W6994450493","https://openalex.org/W44058785","https://openalex.org/W1555962124","https://openalex.org/W2506291347","https://openalex.org/W3023442115","https://openalex.org/W2285922290"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"considers":[2],"the":[3,11,47,62,91,104,130,148],"scientific,":[4],"legal,":[5],"ethical,":[6],"and":[7,22,58,79,87,113,137],"social":[8],"issues":[9,33],"of":[10,15,46,52,70,121,147,150,157],"Brave":[12],"New":[13],"World":[14],"Biotechnology":[16],"as":[17,23,126],"they":[18,24],"existed":[19],"in":[20,35,41,129],"1976":[21],"exist":[25],"\u2014":[26,28,94],"interestingly":[27],"today.":[29],"Central":[30],"to":[31,49,66,89,140],"these":[32],"(e.g.,":[34],"vitro":[36],"fertilization,":[37],"genetic":[38],"planning)":[39],"presented":[40],"historical":[42],"context,":[43],"is":[44,143],"consideration":[45],"extent":[48],"which":[50,73],"freedom":[51,149],"scientific":[53,82,151,158],"investigation":[54],"should":[55,123],"be":[56,77,85,124,162],"allowed":[57],"even":[59],"encouraged":[60],"by":[61,96,107,145],"government.":[63],"In":[64],"order":[65],"shape":[67],"normative":[68],"standards":[69],"conduct":[71],"from":[72],"ethical":[74],"constructs":[75],"can":[76,160],"developed":[78],"policy":[80],"developed,":[81],"experimentation":[83],"must":[84],"promoted":[86],"designed":[88],"safeguard":[90],"common":[92,155],"good":[93],"this,":[95],"enhancing":[97],"opportunities":[98],"for":[99],"more":[100],"healthful":[101],"living,":[102],"strengthening":[103],"gene":[105],"pool":[106],"combating":[108],"disease,":[109],"minimizing":[110],"human":[111],"suffering":[112],"containing":[114],"health":[115],"care":[116],"expenditures.":[117],"Indeed,":[118],"this":[119],"course":[120],"behaviour":[122],"recognized":[125],"not":[127],"only":[128,144],"Nation\u2019s":[131],"best":[132],"interests,":[133],"but":[134],"a":[135,154],"valid":[136],"efficacious":[138],"ethic":[139],"embrace.":[141],"It":[142],"recognition":[146],"inquiry":[152],"that":[153],"language":[156],"humanism":[159],"ever":[161],"fostered.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}