{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2164985302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120041","title":"Science of Coercion: Communication Research and Psychological Warfare, 1945-1960","display_name":"Science of Coercion: Communication Research and Psychological Warfare, 1945-1960","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2164985302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120041","mag":"2164985302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604079","display_name":"The SHAFR Guide Online","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The SHAFR Guide Online","raw_type":"dataset"},"volume":null,"type":"reference-entry","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Simpson, Christopher","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simpson, Christopher","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":197,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14289","display_name":"Anthropology: Ethics, History, Culture","score":0.6929000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14289","display_name":"Anthropology: Ethics, History, Culture","score":0.6929000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13766","display_name":"Media, Journalism, and Communication History","score":0.07240000367164612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.05209999904036522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-research","display_name":"communication research","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-warfare","display_name":"psychological warfare","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-war","display_name":"Cold War","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cia","display_name":"CIA","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pentagon","display_name":"Pentagon","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-communication","display_name":"mass communication","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-research-funding","display_name":"government research funding","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wilbur-schramm","display_name":"Wilbur Schramm","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propaganda","display_name":"propaganda","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterinsurgency","display_name":"counterinsurgency","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising-research","display_name":"advertising research","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology-of-knowledge","display_name":"sociology of knowledge","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-communication-studies","display_name":"history of communication studies","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideology","display_name":"ideology","score":0.4390000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777188754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140822","display_name":"Coercion (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7807289361953735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.571042537689209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202510885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14623843","display_name":"Communication studies","level":2,"score":0.5364891290664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127840","display_name":"Pentagon","level":2,"score":0.5137444734573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.5016820430755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4898943305015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5570062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3919817","display_name":"Behavioural sciences","level":2,"score":0.4352736473083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4201037287712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3771994113922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.35321879386901855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.33801549673080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3258429169654846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.18339803814888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140120041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604079","display_name":"The SHAFR Guide Online","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The SHAFR Guide Online","raw_type":"dataset"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2468624035","https://openalex.org/W2559856369","https://openalex.org/W2995425194","https://openalex.org/W1994643001","https://openalex.org/W2152869273","https://openalex.org/W1581136737","https://openalex.org/W2024631635","https://openalex.org/W4236414599","https://openalex.org/W233651553","https://openalex.org/W2295632007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,168,230],"Science":[1,169,231],"of":[2,9,12,25,53,89,170,199,213,223,228,232,240,246],"Coercion":[3,171,233],"provides":[4],"the":[5,10,13,15,23,32,42,50,99,117,138,159,177,197,211,221,226,238,243],"first":[6],"thorough":[7],"examination":[8],"role":[11],"CIA,":[14],"Pentagon,":[16],"and":[17,65,95,120,129,164,193,210,225,242],"other":[18],"U.S.":[19,139],"security":[20],"agencies":[21,97,103],"in":[22,31,41,60,66,116,153,220],"evolution":[24],"modern":[26],"communication":[27,56,61,77,106,183,214],"research,":[28,64,152],"a":[29,38,123,134,147,157],"field":[30],"social":[33,208,244],"sciences":[34],"which":[35],"crystallized":[36],"into":[37,82,237],"distinct":[39],"discipline":[40],"early":[43],"1950s.":[44],"Government-funded":[45],"psychological":[46,200],"warfare":[47,201],"programs":[48],"underwrote":[49],"academic":[51],"triumph":[52],"preconceptions":[54,206],"about":[55,207],"that":[57,72,76],"persist":[58],"today":[59],"studies,":[62],"advertising":[63],"counterinsurgency":[67],"operations.":[68],"Christopher":[69],"Simpson":[70],"contends":[71],"it":[73],"is":[74],"unlikely":[75],"research":[78],"could":[79],"have":[80],"emerged":[81],"its":[83],"present":[84],"form":[85],"without":[86],"regular":[87],"transfusions":[88],"money":[90],"from":[91],"U.S":[92],"military,":[93],"intelligence,":[94],"propaganda":[96],"during":[98],"Cold":[100],"War.":[101],"These":[102],"saw":[104],"mass":[105,182],"as":[107,122,133,186],"an":[108],"instrument":[109],"for":[110,125,156,162],"persuading":[111],"or":[112],"dominating":[113],"targeted":[114],"groups":[115],"United":[118],"States":[119],"abroad;":[121],"tool":[124],"improving":[126],"military":[127],"operations;":[128],"perhaps":[130],"most":[131],"fundamentally,":[132],"means":[135],"to":[136,175],"extend":[137],"influence":[140],"more":[141],"widely":[142,204],"than":[143],"ever":[144],"before":[145],"at":[146],"relatively":[148],"modest":[149],"cost.":[150],"Communication":[151],"turn,":[154],"became":[155],"time":[158],"preferred":[160],"method":[161],"testing":[163],"developing":[165],"such":[166,185],"techniques.":[167],"uses":[172],"long-classified":[173],"documents":[174],"probe":[176],"contributions":[178],"made":[179],"by":[180],"prominent":[181],"researchers":[184],"Wilbur":[187],"Schramm,":[188],"Ithiel":[189],"de":[190],"Sola":[191],"Pool,":[192],"others,":[194],"then":[195],"details":[196],"impact":[198],"projects":[202],"on":[203],"held":[205],"science":[209,224],"nature":[212],"itself.":[215],"A":[216],"fascinating":[217],"case":[218],"study":[219],"history":[222],"sociology":[227],"knowledge,":[229],"offers":[234],"valuable":[235],"insights":[236],"dynamics":[239],"ideology":[241],"psychology":[245],"communication.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
