{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2164015672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.42.2.260","title":"A test between deindividuation and emergent norm theories of crowd aggression.","display_name":"A test between deindividuation and emergent norm theories of crowd aggression.","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2164015672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.42.2.260","mag":"2164015672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-3514.42.2.260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.42.2.260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.42.2.260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042112577","display_name":"Leon Mann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2495-1022","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2495-1022"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon Mann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103506658","display_name":"James W. Newton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James W. Newton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058297856","display_name":"John Michael Innes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-6937","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7232-6937"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. M. Innes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7707,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78623469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"2","first_page":"260","last_page":"272"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.4765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.4765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.45260000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12521","display_name":"Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion","score":0.02590000070631504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deindividuation","display_name":"deindividuation","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anonymity","display_name":"anonymity","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-identification","display_name":"group identification","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audience-behavior","display_name":"audience behavior","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-ratings","display_name":"self-ratings","score":0.5019999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.832391619682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779448149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191797","display_name":"Aggression","level":2,"score":0.7905529141426086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.7214910984039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5001568794250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179077568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12336254","display_name":"Social norms approach","level":3,"score":0.4523398280143738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.11140254139900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.09886941313743591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0022-3514.42.2.260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.42.2.260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.42.2.260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.2.260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.2.260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.42.2.260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29984966","display_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","issn_l":"0022-3514","issn":["0022-3514","1939-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6207000017166138}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178111823","https://openalex.org/W1523757835","https://openalex.org/W1775342812","https://openalex.org/W1944150654","https://openalex.org/W1949366217","https://openalex.org/W1967646484","https://openalex.org/W1976940969","https://openalex.org/W1981307614","https://openalex.org/W1989202757","https://openalex.org/W1991919829","https://openalex.org/W2011129096","https://openalex.org/W2012604450","https://openalex.org/W2019018146","https://openalex.org/W2029404074","https://openalex.org/W2041963608","https://openalex.org/W2055938325","https://openalex.org/W2059439688","https://openalex.org/W2061793210","https://openalex.org/W2073611520","https://openalex.org/W2074046304","https://openalex.org/W2080141520","https://openalex.org/W2168700426","https://openalex.org/W2326014592","https://openalex.org/W3134655311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970791173","https://openalex.org/W4249189070","https://openalex.org/W2134106989","https://openalex.org/W2141706000","https://openalex.org/W2322290148","https://openalex.org/W153474084","https://openalex.org/W2015439609","https://openalex.org/W1967646484","https://openalex.org/W2162229189","https://openalex.org/W2034755422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deindividuation":[0],"theory":[1,20,183],"predicts":[2,21],"that":[3,22,107,113,152,185],"under":[4],"the":[5,23,85,92,153,179],"cover":[6],"of":[7,61,80,134,146,155,163],"anonymity,":[8],"crowd":[9,36],"members":[10],"will":[11,27,187],"be":[12,188],"more":[13],"aggressive":[14,25,31,116,202],"than":[15,136],"when":[16,29,190],"identifiable.":[17],"Emergent":[18],"norm":[19,32,120,182],"most":[24],"behavior":[26],"occur":[28],"an":[30,75,101,115,201],"prevails":[33],"in":[34,37,50,165],"a":[35,51,55,78,118,160],"which":[38],"participants":[39],"are":[40,193,198],"identifiable":[41,69,137,194],"to":[42,70,77,87,91,97,111,167,195,200],"each":[43,71,98,196],"other.":[44],"These":[45],"contrasting":[46],"propositions":[47],"were":[48,65,83,109,157],"tested":[49],"laboratory":[52],"experiment":[53],"involving":[54],"2X2":[56],"factorial":[57],"design.":[58],"In":[59],"groups":[60],"6-8,":[62],"subjects":[63,108,129,140,191],"who":[64,192],"either":[66,114],"anonymous":[67,128],"or":[68,117],"other":[72,197],"acted":[73],"as":[74,100],"audience":[76],"pair":[79],"discussants.":[81,93],"Subjects":[82],"given":[84],"opportunity":[86],"administer":[88],"loud":[89,143],"noise":[90,135,144],"The":[94],"response":[95],"displayed":[96],"group":[99,147],"alleged":[102],"average":[103],"was":[104,175],"manipulated":[105],"so":[106],"led":[110],"believe":[112],"lenient":[119],"had":[121],"developed.":[122],"As":[123],"predicted":[124],"by":[125,159],"deindividuation":[126],"theory,":[127],"administered":[130],"significantly":[131],"higher":[132],"levels":[133],"subjects.":[138],"Anonymous":[139],"used":[141],"equally":[142],"regardless":[145],"norm.":[148,203],"Self-ratings":[149],"provided":[150],"evidence":[151],"effects":[154],"anonymity":[156],"mediated":[158],"psychological":[161],"state":[162],"deindividuation,":[164],"addition":[166],"freedom":[168],"from":[169],"accountability":[170],"for":[171,178],"individual":[172],"acts.":[173],"There":[174],"no":[176],"support":[177],"crucial":[180],"emergent":[181],"prediction":[184],"aggression":[186],"greatest":[189],"exposed":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}