{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2163832124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.08-0202ufm","title":"German science and black racism\u2014roots of the Nazi Holocaust","display_name":"German science and black racism\u2014roots of the Nazi Holocaust","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2163832124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.08-0202ufm","mag":"2163832124","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18239065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1096/fj.08-0202ufm","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.08-0202ufm","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.08-0202ufm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25293849","display_name":"The FASEB Journal","issn_l":"0892-6638","issn":["0892-6638","1530-6860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The FASEB Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Haas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Institute of Community Health and Research New York University School of Medicine New York New York USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Institute of Community Health and Research New York University School of Medicine New York New York USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":{"value":3740,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3740},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.8153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98653123,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"332","last_page":"337"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12575","display_name":"Medical History and Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12575","display_name":"Medical History and Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12749","display_name":"Race, Genetics, and Society","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-hygiene","display_name":"racial hygiene","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eugenics","display_name":"eugenics","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-darwinism","display_name":"social Darwinism","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/holocaust","display_name":"Holocaust","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-colonialism","display_name":"German colonialism","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuremberg-laws","display_name":"Nuremberg Laws","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forced-sterilization","display_name":"forced sterilization","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nazi-euthanasia-program","display_name":"Nazi euthanasia","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extermination-camps","display_name":"extermination camps","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-medicine","display_name":"history of medicine","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-physicians","display_name":"German physicians","score":0.5350000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.8641585111618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5616717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310","display_name":"Nazism","level":3,"score":0.7981970906257629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.5969332456588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29450819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202261","display_name":"Social Darwinism","level":3,"score":0.566874086856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5213978886604309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121578661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318","display_name":"Nazi Germany","level":3,"score":0.5212388634681702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779509173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109015227","display_name":"Precept","level":2,"score":0.4831480383872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110361221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2763","display_name":"The Holocaust","level":2,"score":0.48058581352233887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780616401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133673","display_name":"Cornerstone","level":2,"score":0.46152371168136597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4466702938079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.43513089418411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3676806092262268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3676797151565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3589940667152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.09960618615150452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.07303553819656372}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003209","descriptor_name":"Concentration Camps","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005053","descriptor_name":"Eugenics","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006708","descriptor_name":"Homicide","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011287","descriptor_name":"Prejudice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013245","descriptor_name":"Sterilization, Reproductive","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017767","descriptor_name":"Holocaust","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018595","descriptor_name":"Colonialism","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D028683","descriptor_name":"National Socialism","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044383","descriptor_name":"Black People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049671","descriptor_name":"History, 18th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1096/fj.08-0202ufm","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.08-0202ufm","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.08-0202ufm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25293849","display_name":"The FASEB Journal","issn_l":"0892-6638","issn":["0892-6638","1530-6860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The FASEB Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18239065","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18239065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/512537","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/512537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"314454","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W153038957","https://openalex.org/W632799648","https://openalex.org/W1510737227","https://openalex.org/W1964314736","https://openalex.org/W1965037246","https://openalex.org/W1970734222","https://openalex.org/W1977917514","https://openalex.org/W2033045993","https://openalex.org/W2037617600","https://openalex.org/W2044926836","https://openalex.org/W2060992986","https://openalex.org/W2092905309","https://openalex.org/W2097225465","https://openalex.org/W2316475064","https://openalex.org/W2329155589","https://openalex.org/W2329592131","https://openalex.org/W2341391839","https://openalex.org/W2415663124","https://openalex.org/W2797771789","https://openalex.org/W2988107466","https://openalex.org/W4234460277","https://openalex.org/W4245499058","https://openalex.org/W4250116161","https://openalex.org/W4302035888","https://openalex.org/W4388225741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241125870","https://openalex.org/W4234606166","https://openalex.org/W2033045993","https://openalex.org/W7135706404","https://openalex.org/W3198283787","https://openalex.org/W2966515359","https://openalex.org/W2323037180","https://openalex.org/W1483722527","https://openalex.org/W2043212546","https://openalex.org/W2767375781"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Nazi's":[1],"cornerstone":[2],"precept":[3],"of":[4,12,20,49,61,91,111,127],"\"racial":[5,13],"hygiene\"":[6],"gave":[7],"birth":[8],"to":[9,17,89,108,115],"their":[10,84],"policy":[11],"cleansing\"":[14],"that":[15,43,79,100],"led":[16],"the":[18,31,39,47,50,59,62,67,73,76,92,101,116,121,124,130,137],"murders":[19],"millions.":[21],"It":[22],"was":[23,55],"developed":[24],"by":[25],"German":[26,68,77,93,131],"physicians":[27],"and":[28,35,83,129],"scientists":[29],"in":[30,38,58,136],"late":[32],"19th":[33],"century":[34],"is":[36],"rooted":[37],"period's":[40],"Social":[41],"Darwinism":[42],"placed":[44],"blacks":[45],"at":[46],"bottom":[48],"racial":[51,98,118],"ladder.":[52],"This":[53,134],"program":[54],"first":[56],"manifested":[57],"near-extermination":[60],"African":[63,81],"Herero":[64],"people":[65,94],"during":[66],"colonial":[69],"period.":[70],"After":[71],"WWI,":[72],"fear":[74],"among":[75],"populace":[78],"occupying":[80],"troops":[82],"Afro-German":[85],"children":[86],"would":[87],"lead":[88],"\"bastardization\"":[90],"formed":[95],"a":[96,109],"unifying":[97],"principle":[99],"Nazis":[102],"exploited.":[103],"They":[104],"extended":[105],"this":[106],"mind-set":[107],"variety":[110],"\"unworthy\"":[112],"groups,":[113],"leading":[114],"physician-administered":[117],"Nuremberg":[119],"laws,":[120,123],"Sterilization":[122],"secret":[125],"sterilization":[126],"Afro-Germans,":[128],"euthanasia":[132],"program.":[133],"culminated":[135],"extermination":[138],"camps.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
