{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2163203048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcaa.1996.484991","title":"A sealed bipolar lead acid battery for small electric vehicles","display_name":"A sealed bipolar lead acid battery for small electric vehicles","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2163203048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcaa.1996.484991","mag":"2163203048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bcaa.1996.484991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcaa.1996.484991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcaa.1996.484991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306417672","display_name":"Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111424865","display_name":"J.L. Arias","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.L. Arias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arias Research Associates, Inc., Whittier, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arias Research Associates, Inc., Whittier, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052840718","display_name":"David L. Harbaugh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.L. Harbaugh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arias Research Associates, Inc., Whittier, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arias Research Associates, Inc., Whittier, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039237568","display_name":"E.D. Drake","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E.D. Drake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arias Research Associates, Inc., Whittier, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arias Research Associates, Inc., Whittier, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089638278","display_name":"D.W. Boughn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.W. Boughn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arias Research Associates, Inc., Whittier, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arias Research Associates, Inc., Whittier, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59593125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"179","last_page":"182"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-electric-vehicles","display_name":"small electric vehicles","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-bicycles","display_name":"electric bicycles","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-scooters","display_name":"motor scooters","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wheelchairs","display_name":"wheelchairs","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-performance","display_name":"battery performance","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sealed-lead-acid-batteries","display_name":"sealed lead-acid batteries","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel-cadmium-batteries","display_name":"nickel-cadmium batteries","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-pack","display_name":"battery pack","score":0.5600000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50292345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337724","display_name":"Lead\u2013acid battery","level":4,"score":0.8687263131141663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.7461458444595337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.721280574798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.5241824984550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176871988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72313","display_name":"Electric motor","level":2,"score":0.48114287853240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110069716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076882","display_name":"Battery electric vehicle","level":4,"score":0.44544756412506104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.43478327989578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.43426215648651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45811908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902054","display_name":"Automotive battery","level":4,"score":0.42093685269355774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.40413030982017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3978479504585266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3766070008277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3208506107330322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30831268429756165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bcaa.1996.484991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcaa.1996.484991","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcaa.1996.484991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306417672","display_name":"Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9090999960899353,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W588663103","https://openalex.org/W1517160568","https://openalex.org/W2017781095"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017781095","https://openalex.org/W1517160568","https://openalex.org/W2996522365","https://openalex.org/W2019468186","https://openalex.org/W3192718433","https://openalex.org/W2367439988","https://openalex.org/W2132971685","https://openalex.org/W2747325503","https://openalex.org/W1499368785","https://openalex.org/W2370678176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Arias":[0],"Research":[1],"Associates":[2],"(ARA)":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5],"developing":[6],"its":[7],"sealed":[8,67],"bipolar":[9],"lead-acid":[10,68],"(SBLA)":[11],"battery":[12,71],"technology":[13],"since":[14],"1990":[15],"for":[16,36,73],"eventual":[17],"application":[18],"in":[19,38],"electric":[20,40,75],"vehicles":[21,41],"(EVs)":[22],"The":[23],"successful":[24],"development":[25],"of":[26],"small":[27,39],"SBLA":[28],"batteries":[29],"(up":[30],"to":[31],"48":[32],"V,":[33],"10":[34],"Ah)":[35],"use":[37],"(electric":[42],"powered":[43],"bicycles,":[44],"motor":[45],"scooters,":[46],"wheelchairs,":[47],"etc.),":[48],"is":[49],"reported":[50],"together":[51],"with":[52,64],"specifications":[53],"and":[54,59,69],"preliminary":[55],"test":[56],"data.":[57],"Performance":[58],"cost":[60],"comparisons":[61],"are":[62],"made":[63],"commercially":[65],"available":[66],"nickel-cadmium":[70],"packs":[72],"an":[74],"power-assist":[76],"bicycle.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
