{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2162793264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400024389","title":"The Origins of the FitzGerald Contraction","display_name":"The Origins of the FitzGerald Contraction","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2162793264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400024389","mag":"2162793264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0007087400024389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400024389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400024389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70812101","display_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","issn_l":"0007-0874","issn":["0007-0874","1474-001X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052231158","display_name":"Bruce J. Hunt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4391-2478","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4391-2478"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bruce J. Hunt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of History, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of History, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052231158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2178,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97723671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"67","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.5713000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.5713000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11960","display_name":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","score":0.2264000028371811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12836","display_name":"History and Developments in Astronomy","score":0.10360000282526016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/length-contraction","display_name":"length contraction","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hendrik-lorentz","display_name":"Hendrik Lorentz","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/michelson-morley-experiment","display_name":"Michelson-Morley experiment","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminiferous-aether","display_name":"aether","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-relativity","display_name":"history of relativity","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-theory","display_name":"electron theory","score":0.6200000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122679697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836595","display_name":"Length contraction","level":3,"score":0.8498220443725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163415756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126473","display_name":"Contraction (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6115441918373108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136815107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154242","display_name":"Nothing","level":2,"score":0.5844631791114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118563197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185030","display_name":"Genius","level":2,"score":0.5733667612075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146846114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901448","display_name":"Einstein","level":2,"score":0.5411438941955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5298174619674683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.5132086277008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777026412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2684591","display_name":"Statement (logic)","level":2,"score":0.4750635325908661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149324446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43514","display_name":"Theory of relativity","level":2,"score":0.4323374629020691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.4111960828304291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2992631793022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.2396250069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.16254132986068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13551458716392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.08288523554801941}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0007087400024389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400024389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400024389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70812101","display_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","issn_l":"0007-0874","issn":["0007-0874","1474-001X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British Journal for the History of Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511546466","https://openalex.org/W1519442512","https://openalex.org/W1571905937","https://openalex.org/W1581366424","https://openalex.org/W1586582919","https://openalex.org/W1591532862","https://openalex.org/W1972852742","https://openalex.org/W1989592533","https://openalex.org/W1992489583","https://openalex.org/W1995384951","https://openalex.org/W1996385780","https://openalex.org/W1999592516","https://openalex.org/W2023748631","https://openalex.org/W2043714296","https://openalex.org/W2052992203","https://openalex.org/W2060492017","https://openalex.org/W2070466469","https://openalex.org/W2075708571","https://openalex.org/W2087068464","https://openalex.org/W2139567180","https://openalex.org/W2149911652","https://openalex.org/W2154577012","https://openalex.org/W2172913761","https://openalex.org/W2312659244","https://openalex.org/W2327675723","https://openalex.org/W2544014857","https://openalex.org/W2601571208","https://openalex.org/W2798151340","https://openalex.org/W3003442396","https://openalex.org/W3003547482","https://openalex.org/W3093654795","https://openalex.org/W4214628239","https://openalex.org/W4230485902","https://openalex.org/W4230838705","https://openalex.org/W4237592234","https://openalex.org/W4247185717","https://openalex.org/W4250977461","https://openalex.org/W4321466186","https://openalex.org/W6600097926","https://openalex.org/W6608504043","https://openalex.org/W6674070879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6995573959","https://openalex.org/W2059744048","https://openalex.org/W1483611028","https://openalex.org/W2366488493","https://openalex.org/W1791414088","https://openalex.org/W2475693988","https://openalex.org/W7099684459","https://openalex.org/W1979984253","https://openalex.org/W7160943420","https://openalex.org/W4390572471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,62],"FitzGerald\u2013Lorentz":[1],"contraction":[2,36,120,155],"hypothesis":[3,63,156],"has":[4,24,64,103,125,146,157],"become":[5],"well":[6],"known":[7],"in":[8,18,49,123,133,161],"connection":[9],"with":[10,128],"Einstein's":[11],"theory":[12,23],"of":[13,21,28,34,41,47,88,99,110,135,143,153,164,178],"relativity,":[14],"and":[15,39,56,90],"its":[16],"role":[17],"the":[19,26,32,35,84,97,107,119,154,162],"origin":[20],"that":[22],"been":[25,66,105,126,147,159],"subject":[27],"considerable":[29],"study.":[30],"But":[31],"origins":[33],"idea":[37,72,121],"itself,":[38],"particularly":[40],"G.":[42],"F.":[43],"FitzGerald's":[44],"first":[45],"statement":[46,152],"it":[48,130],"1889,":[50],"have":[51],"attracted":[52],"much":[53],"less":[54],"attention":[55],"are":[57],"surrounded":[58],"by":[59],"several":[60],"misconceptions.":[61],"usually":[65,158],"depicted":[67],"as":[68,170],"a":[69],"rather":[70],"wild":[71],"put":[73],"forward":[74],"without":[75],"any":[76],"real":[77],"theoretical":[78],"justification":[79,132],"simply":[80],"to":[81,149],"explain":[82],"away":[83],"troublesome":[85],"null":[86],"result":[87],"Michelson":[89],"Morley's":[91],"1887":[92],"ether":[93],"drift":[94],"experiment.":[95],"In":[96],"words":[98,163],"Gerald":[100],"Holton,":[101],"\u2018it":[102],"traditionally":[104],"called":[106],"very":[108],"paradigm":[109],"anad":[111],"hochypothesis\u2019.":[112],"H.":[113],"A.":[114],"Lorentz,":[115],"who":[116],"hit":[117],"upon":[118],"independently":[122],"1892,":[124],"credited":[127],"giving":[129],"some":[131],"terms":[134],"his":[136,165],"electron":[137],"theory,":[138],"but":[139],"little":[140],"or":[141],"none":[142],"this":[144],"credit":[145],"extended":[148],"FitzGerald.":[150],"His":[151],"viewed,":[160],"friend":[166],"R.":[167],"T.":[168],"Glazebrook,":[169],"nothing":[171],"more":[172],"than":[173],"\u2018the":[174],"brilliant":[175],"baseless":[176],"guess":[177],"an":[179],"Irish":[180],"genius\u2019.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
