{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2162389217","doi":null,"title":"Exposure to violent crime, fear of crime, and traumatic stress symptomatology.","display_name":"Exposure to violent crime, fear of crime, and traumatic stress symptomatology.","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2162389217","mag":"2162389217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/9450","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10539/9450","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10539/9450","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400603","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","host_organization_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10539/9450","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086547993","display_name":"Sarah-Kate Engelbrecht","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sarah-Kate Engelbrecht","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086547993"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.8744999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.8744999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.12039999663829803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10426","display_name":"Child Abuse and Trauma","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fear-of-crime","display_name":"fear of crime","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traumatic-stress","display_name":"traumatic stress","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trauma-symptoms","display_name":"trauma symptoms","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperarousal","display_name":"hyperarousal","score":0.777999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993504008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520311","display_name":"Violent crime","level":2,"score":0.7920366525650024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778063457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788984","display_name":"Fear of crime","level":2,"score":0.6429691910743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5895432829856873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5722452402114868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778159538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16920843","display_name":"Traumatic stress","level":2,"score":0.5465207099914551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42815962433815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3248136639595032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/9450","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10539/9450","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10539/9450","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400603","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","host_organization_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:2162389217","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/10539/9450/1/SEngelbrecht%20Thesis.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:wiredspace.wits.ac.za:10539/9450","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10539/9450","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10539/9450","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400603","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","host_organization_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2162389217.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2162389217.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":168,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15900982","https://openalex.org/W20206654","https://openalex.org/W21183305","https://openalex.org/W62423917","https://openalex.org/W74546715","https://openalex.org/W112645493","https://openalex.org/W113197611","https://openalex.org/W136514359","https://openalex.org/W138451444","https://openalex.org/W303806101","https://openalex.org/W577081397","https://openalex.org/W587337205","https://openalex.org/W598379151","https://openalex.org/W608634357","https://openalex.org/W615434798","https://openalex.org/W647383593","https://openalex.org/W653554840","https://openalex.org/W1039488877","https://openalex.org/W1488294203","https://openalex.org/W1496028880","https://openalex.org/W1500563071","https://openalex.org/W1520527498","https://openalex.org/W1545697807","https://openalex.org/W1550744556","https://openalex.org/W1559551591","https://openalex.org/W1562645499","https://openalex.org/W1566896108","https://openalex.org/W1571142572","https://openalex.org/W1573234480","https://openalex.org/W1574433669","https://openalex.org/W1578519476","https://openalex.org/W1581853629","https://openalex.org/W1596687397","https://openalex.org/W1621373383","https://openalex.org/W1705041815","https://openalex.org/W1718946028","https://openalex.org/W1747590063","https://openalex.org/W1795020149","https://openalex.org/W1831383417","https://openalex.org/W1919106491","https://openalex.org/W1958488376","https://openalex.org/W1964645807","https://openalex.org/W1967238108","https://openalex.org/W1968026587","https://openalex.org/W1970801117","https://openalex.org/W1972643024","https://openalex.org/W1974392718","https://openalex.org/W1976547915","https://openalex.org/W1976569027","https://openalex.org/W1977374147","https://openalex.org/W1988496095","https://openalex.org/W1992957017","https://openalex.org/W1997158051","https://openalex.org/W1997932742","https://openalex.org/W2000380968","https://openalex.org/W2000754370","https://openalex.org/W2000871879","https://openalex.org/W2000923021","https://openalex.org/W2003662114","https://openalex.org/W2008364842","https://openalex.org/W2010070789","https://openalex.org/W2017378833","https://openalex.org/W2022623869","https://openalex.org/W2022968422","https://openalex.org/W2023771120","https://openalex.org/W2041264569","https://openalex.org/W2042684029","https://openalex.org/W2043183481","https://openalex.org/W2043927584","https://openalex.org/W2044328309","https://openalex.org/W2050237761","https://openalex.org/W2053310392","https://openalex.org/W2058881731","https://openalex.org/W2059371334","https://openalex.org/W2061947336","https://openalex.org/W2062159343","https://openalex.org/W2062907828","https://openalex.org/W2064399037","https://openalex.org/W2064696430","https://openalex.org/W2065083854","https://openalex.org/W2065443649","https://openalex.org/W2065774719","https://openalex.org/W2066358461","https://openalex.org/W2071674836","https://openalex.org/W2072595271","https://openalex.org/W2078200886","https://openalex.org/W2078857082","https://openalex.org/W2081900254","https://openalex.org/W2082602945","https://openalex.org/W2083171285","https://openalex.org/W2084548536","https://openalex.org/W2086249906","https://openalex.org/W2089843021","https://openalex.org/W2094318191","https://openalex.org/W2095895998","https://openalex.org/W2096263924","https://openalex.org/W2097009374","https://openalex.org/W2097192839","https://openalex.org/W2097431773","https://openalex.org/W2098093156","https://openalex.org/W2104683697","https://openalex.org/W2107916110","https://openalex.org/W2109485137","https://openalex.org/W2112038595","https://openalex.org/W2113768833","https://openalex.org/W2114828093","https://openalex.org/W2117541596","https://openalex.org/W2118666958","https://openalex.org/W2120417786","https://openalex.org/W2122642075","https://openalex.org/W2125648781","https://openalex.org/W2127191006","https://openalex.org/W2130323580","https://openalex.org/W2132273947","https://openalex.org/W2135276538","https://openalex.org/W2136978479","https://openalex.org/W2138774242","https://openalex.org/W2140540094","https://openalex.org/W2145011901","https://openalex.org/W2145851398","https://openalex.org/W2147036962","https://openalex.org/W2149354693","https://openalex.org/W2149617571","https://openalex.org/W2149880133","https://openalex.org/W2150003699","https://openalex.org/W2150296476","https://openalex.org/W2152401614","https://openalex.org/W2152605524","https://openalex.org/W2156619121","https://openalex.org/W2156854146","https://openalex.org/W2157576258","https://openalex.org/W2159011576","https://openalex.org/W2159583289","https://openalex.org/W2161320140","https://openalex.org/W2161518381","https://openalex.org/W2163305442","https://openalex.org/W2164483436","https://openalex.org/W2167062651","https://openalex.org/W2170130830","https://openalex.org/W2170223510","https://openalex.org/W2170684975","https://openalex.org/W2178286749","https://openalex.org/W2178393304","https://openalex.org/W2217682713","https://openalex.org/W2233276137","https://openalex.org/W2254103060","https://openalex.org/W2256560593","https://openalex.org/W2267404576","https://openalex.org/W2281112650","https://openalex.org/W2281729537","https://openalex.org/W2313055655","https://openalex.org/W2318482575","https://openalex.org/W2326112578","https://openalex.org/W2333886210","https://openalex.org/W2493550167","https://openalex.org/W2501518693","https://openalex.org/W2521662607","https://openalex.org/W2586753025","https://openalex.org/W2588586649","https://openalex.org/W2763471901","https://openalex.org/W2799522511","https://openalex.org/W2896185505","https://openalex.org/W2901206091","https://openalex.org/W2904794843","https://openalex.org/W2918799012","https://openalex.org/W2942059375","https://openalex.org/W2969927870","https://openalex.org/W3210005698"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2275402228","https://openalex.org/W2971695681","https://openalex.org/W2281419765","https://openalex.org/W2167062651","https://openalex.org/W1980278081","https://openalex.org/W2030784524","https://openalex.org/W2062159343","https://openalex.org/W7096239997","https://openalex.org/W7099933013","https://openalex.org/W2170717582"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95,359],"central":[1],"aim":[2],"of":[3,21,25,30,33,44,56,79,85,99,107,122,132,138,184,194,207,221,229,233,265,269,286,297,312,319,332,347,357,361],"the":[4,9,28,52,77,105,108,133,150,159,166,185,197,214,222,248,294,303,362],"study":[5],"was":[6,69,97,202,235,324],"to":[7,13,35,60,140,155,172,191,237,252,260,299,321,326,330,336,349],"investigate":[8],"relationships":[10,249],"between":[11,250,279,293],"exposure":[12,34,75,139,154,171,190,251,259,287,320,348],"violent":[14,36,141,156,253,261,300,322,350],"crime,":[15,45,266,351],"\\ntraumatic":[16,226,256,272],"stress":[17,40,209,227,257,273,308,338],"symptomatology,":[18,258],"and":[19,42,82,120,125,127,145,217,255,263,267,271,288,306,310,355],"fear":[20,43,84,264,268,311,331,356],"crime.":[22,358],"Secondary":[23],"areas":[24],"interest":[26],"included":[27,72,114],"effect":[29],"\\nthe":[31,176,242,315],"frequency":[32],"crime":[37,86,142,157,234,254,262,270,301,313,323],"on":[38,282,302,314],"traumatic":[39,208,307,337],"symptomatology":[41,228,309],"as":[46,48],"\\nwell":[47],"sex":[49],"differences":[50,276],"in":[51,89,110,158,175,196,213,241],"three":[53],"main":[54],"variables":[55],"study.":[57,94],"In":[58],"order":[59],"explore":[61],"these":[62],"aims,":[63],"a":[64,73,83,90],"\\nquantitative":[65],"cross-sectional":[66],"research":[67,134],"design":[68],"used.":[70],"Measures":[71],"self-developed":[74],"\\nmeasure,":[76],"Impact":[78],"Event":[80],"Scale-Revised,":[81],"measure":[87],"used":[88],"previous":[91],"South":[92],"\\nAfrican":[93],"sample":[96,151,167,186,224],"comprised":[98],"216":[100],"first-year":[101],"university":[102],"students":[103],"at":[104,218],"University":[106],"\\nWitwatersrand":[109],"Johannesburg.":[111],"Statistical":[112],"analyses":[113],"descriptive":[115],"statistics,":[116],"Pearson\u2019s":[117],"\\ncorrelations,":[118],"t-tests,":[119],"analysis":[121],"variance":[123],"(one-way":[124],"two-way)":[126],"post-hoc":[128],"t-tests.":[129],"\\nThe":[130],"results":[131],"indicated":[135],"high":[136],"levels":[137,206],"(including":[143],"direct":[144,170],"\\nindirect":[146],"exposure).":[147],"Almost":[148],"half":[149,165],"(47%)":[152],"reported":[153,169,225,342],"preceding":[160,177,198],"\\n12":[161],"months.":[162,200],"Furthermore,":[163],"over":[164],"(58%)":[168],"non-crime":[173],"trauma":[174,195],"12":[178,199],"months,":[179],"with":[180],"only":[181],"about":[182],"one-quarter":[183],"(20%)":[187],"reporting":[188],"no":[189],"\\nany":[192],"kind":[193],"It":[201],"thus":[203],"unsurprising":[204],"that":[205],"\\nsymptomatology":[210],"were":[211,277,291],"generally":[212],"moderate":[215],"range":[216],"least":[219],"20%":[220],"total":[223],"clinical":[230],"concern.":[231],"Fear":[232],"found":[236,278,292,325],"be":[238,327],"rather":[239],"pervasive":[240],"sample.":[243],"Findings":[244],"showed":[245],"support":[246],"for":[247],"symptomatology.":[274,339],"Significant":[275],"groups":[280],"based":[281],"level":[283],"\\nand":[284],"type":[285],"significant":[289],"correlations":[290],"perceived":[295],"severity":[296,346],"\\nexposure":[298],"one":[304],"hand,":[305],"other":[316],"hand.":[317],"Frequency":[318],"significantly":[328,343],"related":[329,353],"\\ncrime":[333],"but":[334],"not":[335],"Female":[340],"subjects":[341],"higher":[344],"\\nperceived":[345],"hyperarousal":[352],"symptoms":[354],"\\nimplications":[360],"findings":[363],"are":[364],"explored.":[365]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
