{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2161675138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000678","title":"The construct of language proficiency in the study of bilingualism from a cognitive perspective","display_name":"The construct of language proficiency in the study of bilingualism from a cognitive perspective","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2161675138","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000678","mag":"2161675138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1366728911000678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000678","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/9CB940D9D4A35612C190A70014370FF9/S1366728911000678a.pdf/div-class-title-the-construct-of-language-proficiency-in-the-study-of-bilingualism-from-a-cognitive-perspective-a-href-fn01-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24095051","display_name":"Bilingualism Language and Cognition","issn_l":"1366-7289","issn":["1366-7289","1469-1841"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/9CB940D9D4A35612C190A70014370FF9/S1366728911000678a.pdf/div-class-title-the-construct-of-language-proficiency-in-the-study-of-bilingualism-from-a-cognitive-perspective-a-href-fn01-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074100407","display_name":"Jan H. Hulstijn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5862-8800","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5862-8800"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"JAN H. HULSTIJN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074100407"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.565,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":227,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95506001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"422","last_page":"433"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.8452000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.8452000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.03550000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.02979999966919422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-proficiency-measurement","display_name":"language proficiency measurement","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingualism","display_name":"bilingualism","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proficiency-assessment","display_name":"proficiency assessment","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-linguistic-comparison","display_name":"cross-linguistic comparison","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-assessment","display_name":"language assessment","score":0.37700000405311584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49876356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002651","display_name":"Neuroscience of multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.849048376083374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.618918776512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5914326906204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5883272886276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.5757797360420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5752969980239868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5341070890426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.49534955620765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47843459248542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3652074933052063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2244531214237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.20929238200187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1468437910079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1366728911000678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000678","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/9CB940D9D4A35612C190A70014370FF9/S1366728911000678a.pdf/div-class-title-the-construct-of-language-proficiency-in-the-study-of-bilingualism-from-a-cognitive-perspective-a-href-fn01-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24095051","display_name":"Bilingualism Language and Cognition","issn_l":"1366-7289","issn":["1366-7289","1469-1841"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dare.uva.nl:openaire/7fc32b55-731b-4faf-9bf8-65a64900be8f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://handle.uba.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/the-construct-of-language-proficiency-in-the-study-of-bilingualism-from-a-cognitive-perspective(7fc32b55-731b-4faf-9bf8-65a64900be8f).html","pdf_url":"https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1848969/118469_374161.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400088","display_name":"UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","host_organization_name":"University of Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hulstijn, J H 2012, 'The construct of language proficiency in the study of bilingualism from a cognitive perspective', Bilingualism : Language and Cognition, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 422-433. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728911000678","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:uvapub:oai:dare.uva.nl:publications/7fc32b55-731b-4faf-9bf8-65a64900be8f","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/the-construct-of-language-proficiency-in-the-study-of-bilingualism-from-a-cognitive-perspective(7fc32b55-731b-4faf-9bf8-65a64900be8f).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bilingualism : Language and Cognition, 15(2), 422 - 433. Cambridge University Press","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:2370829212","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dare.uva.nl/document/2/118469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1366728911000678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000678","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/9CB940D9D4A35612C190A70014370FF9/S1366728911000678a.pdf/div-class-title-the-construct-of-language-proficiency-in-the-study-of-bilingualism-from-a-cognitive-perspective-a-href-fn01-ref-type-fn-a-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24095051","display_name":"Bilingualism Language and Cognition","issn_l":"1366-7289","issn":["1366-7289","1469-1841"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161675138.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161675138.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42435208","https://openalex.org/W398676416","https://openalex.org/W1573234480","https://openalex.org/W1966165910","https://openalex.org/W1980184136","https://openalex.org/W1981832960","https://openalex.org/W1990116676","https://openalex.org/W2000878524","https://openalex.org/W2013665032","https://openalex.org/W2016582550","https://openalex.org/W2028819862","https://openalex.org/W2030136635","https://openalex.org/W2032715518","https://openalex.org/W2037127751","https://openalex.org/W2043340437","https://openalex.org/W2049500874","https://openalex.org/W2051345292","https://openalex.org/W2052345307","https://openalex.org/W2055039055","https://openalex.org/W2057415397","https://openalex.org/W2059703901","https://openalex.org/W2075841753","https://openalex.org/W2080773707","https://openalex.org/W2080795494","https://openalex.org/W2085515086","https://openalex.org/W2095133843","https://openalex.org/W2095612782","https://openalex.org/W2096949356","https://openalex.org/W2097689663","https://openalex.org/W2098994691","https://openalex.org/W2099487543","https://openalex.org/W2099656056","https://openalex.org/W2099709651","https://openalex.org/W2102785056","https://openalex.org/W2103640239","https://openalex.org/W2105095192","https://openalex.org/W2107297061","https://openalex.org/W2108660878","https://openalex.org/W2109227335","https://openalex.org/W2111850640","https://openalex.org/W2113409326","https://openalex.org/W2118021841","https://openalex.org/W2120274804","https://openalex.org/W2120990616","https://openalex.org/W2122059121","https://openalex.org/W2123645515","https://openalex.org/W2126604760","https://openalex.org/W2129207845","https://openalex.org/W2129264491","https://openalex.org/W2129904174","https://openalex.org/W2131314014","https://openalex.org/W2132342292","https://openalex.org/W2132917279","https://openalex.org/W2135184128","https://openalex.org/W2136842283","https://openalex.org/W2139425676","https://openalex.org/W2140044163","https://openalex.org/W2143966448","https://openalex.org/W2147243610","https://openalex.org/W2148643534","https://openalex.org/W2150282822","https://openalex.org/W2154271941","https://openalex.org/W2154599210","https://openalex.org/W2154741216","https://openalex.org/W2159863694","https://openalex.org/W2163900258","https://openalex.org/W2165545066","https://openalex.org/W2171635354","https://openalex.org/W2177053608","https://openalex.org/W2320386680","https://openalex.org/W2501766418","https://openalex.org/W2798578048","https://openalex.org/W2978805936","https://openalex.org/W6685100510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7141070856","https://openalex.org/W2370829212","https://openalex.org/W6983466141","https://openalex.org/W2374659380","https://openalex.org/W4391782284","https://openalex.org/W1993869606","https://openalex.org/W577729384","https://openalex.org/W3156274067","https://openalex.org/W4248607154","https://openalex.org/W4211075781"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"aims":[2],"at":[3],"revitalizing":[4],"the":[5,8,15,26,46,58,94,98,116,122,134,140],"debate":[6],"concerning":[7,104],"measurement":[9,117],"of":[10,17,25,36,45,53,60,100,107,118,121,136],"language":[11],"proficiency":[12,138],"(LP)":[13],"in":[14,28,33,41,56,89,93,109,126,139,144],"study":[16],"bilingualism":[18],"(Grosjean,":[19],"1998).":[20],"A":[21],"review":[22],"is":[23,124],"presented":[24],"way":[27],"which":[29,57],"LP":[30,61,74,81,86,108],"was":[31,68,75],"measured":[32,77],"a":[34,69],"corpus":[35],"140":[37],"empirical":[38],"papers":[39],"published":[40],"volumes":[42],"1\u201314":[43],"(1998\u20132011)":[44],"journalBilingualism:":[47],"Language":[48],"and":[49],"Cognition.":[50],"In":[51],"55%":[52],"these":[54],"papers,":[55],"assessment":[59,135],"as":[62],"an":[63,79],"independent":[64],"or":[65,71],"moderating":[66],"variable":[67],"necessary":[70],"preferred":[72],"requirement,":[73],"not":[76],"with":[78],"objective":[80],"test.":[82],"Seldom":[83],"were":[84],"participants\u2019":[85,137],"scores":[87],"used":[88],"explaining":[90],"variance":[91],"obtained":[92],"dependent":[95],"variable(s).":[96],"After":[97],"discussion":[99],"some":[101],"unresolved":[102],"problems":[103],"cross-language":[105],"comparisons":[106],"bilinguals\u2019":[110],"languages,":[111],"recommendations":[112,123],"are":[113],"offered":[114],"for":[115],"LP.":[119],"One":[120],"that,":[125],"studies":[127],"investigating":[128],"between-group":[129],"contrasts,":[130],"researchers":[131],"carefully":[132],"consider":[133],"language(s)":[141],"concerned,":[142],"even":[143],"native-speaker":[145],"comparison":[146],"groups.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}