{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2161375627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0400400301","title":"Multiple Imputation of Missing Values","display_name":"Multiple Imputation of Missing Values","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2161375627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0400400301","mag":"2161375627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1536867x0400400301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0400400301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0400400301","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1536867X0400400301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88220793","display_name":"The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata","issn_l":"1536-867X","issn":["1536-867X","1536-8734"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1536867X0400400301","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090853680","display_name":"Patrick J Royston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6386-4410","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6386-4410"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091428","display_name":"MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL","ror":"https://ror.org/001mm6w73","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210091428","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90344618","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Royston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Division MRC Clinical Trials Unit 222 Euston Road London NW1 2DA UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Division MRC Clinical Trials Unit 222 Euston Road London NW1 2DA UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091428","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090853680"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091428","https://openalex.org/I90344618"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":44.0975,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2339,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9989339,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"227","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13398","display_name":"Data Analysis with R","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-imputation","display_name":"multiple imputation","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chained-equations","display_name":"chained equations","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stata-ado-file","display_name":"Stata ado file","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"missing data","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complete-case-analysis","display_name":"complete case analysis","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubin-s-rules","display_name":"Rubin's rules","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survival-analysis","display_name":"survival analysis","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognostic-model","display_name":"prognostic model","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer","display_name":"breast cancer","score":0.9980000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.9066336154937744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58041806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660484","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","level":3,"score":0.8895665407180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.7641634941101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.704093337059021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.6684428453445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5388834476470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48412880301475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.43198734521865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3957584500312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3651902675628662}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1536867x0400400301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0400400301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0400400301","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1536867X0400400301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88220793","display_name":"The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata","issn_l":"1536-867X","issn":["1536-867X","1536-8734"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ags:stataj:116244","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/116244/files/sjart_st0067.pdf","pdf_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/116244/files/sjart_st0067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:116244","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/116244","pdf_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/116244/files/sjart_st0067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/116244","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.466.8480","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.466.8480","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/116244/2/sjart_st0067.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:tsj:stataj:v:4:y:2004:i:3:p:227-241","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.stata-journal.com/software/sj4-3/st0067/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.22004/ag.econ.116244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.116244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.116244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1536867x0400400301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0400400301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0400400301","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1536867X0400400301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88220793","display_name":"The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata","issn_l":"1536-867X","issn":["1536-867X","1536-8734"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.428600013256073,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161375627.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161375627.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119770098","https://openalex.org/W1976927254","https://openalex.org/W1985851580","https://openalex.org/W2020960798","https://openalex.org/W2048565568","https://openalex.org/W2076395872","https://openalex.org/W2100358124","https://openalex.org/W2113559481","https://openalex.org/W2118502261","https://openalex.org/W2137364855"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098129020","https://openalex.org/W1560819877","https://openalex.org/W1781481323","https://openalex.org/W7099514790","https://openalex.org/W2146515085","https://openalex.org/W2234472895","https://openalex.org/W191253868","https://openalex.org/W2137364855","https://openalex.org/W1997894578","https://openalex.org/W2127812951"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Following":[0],"the":[1,16,52,92,135,141,160,173,180,188,233,268,279],"seminal":[2],"publications":[3],"of":[4,15,18,21,51,76,91,95,118,132,134,138,153,155,185,212,224,278,286],"Rubin":[5],"about":[6],"thirty":[7],"years":[8],"ago,":[9],"statisticians":[10],"have":[11,78],"become":[12],"increasingly":[13],"aware":[14],"inadequacy":[17],"\u201ccomplete-case\u201d":[19],"analysis":[20,44,120,241],"datasets":[22,262],"with":[23,121,216,283],"missing":[24,33,82,142,203],"observations.":[25],"In":[26],"medicine,":[27],"for":[28,38,89,109,179,205],"example,":[29],"observations":[30],"may":[31,45,70],"be":[32],"in":[34,59,61,187,289],"a":[35,42,127,164,206,210,221,228],"sporadic":[36],"way":[37],"different":[39],"covariates,":[40,214],"and":[41,65,104,146,182,238,244,252,256,266,274],"complete-case":[43],"omit":[46],"as":[47,49,209],"many":[48,74],"half":[50],"available":[53],"cases.":[54],"Hotdeck":[55],"imputation":[56,98,111,123],"was":[57],"implemented":[58],"Stata":[60,90],"1999":[62],"by":[63,100,112,264,267],"Mander":[64],"Clayton.":[66],"However,":[67],"this":[68],"technique":[69],"perform":[71],"poorly":[72],"when":[73],"rows":[75],"data":[77,119,247],"at":[79],"least":[80],"one":[81],"value.":[83],"This":[84,191],"article":[85,192],"describes":[86,193],"an":[87,284],"implementation":[88],"MICE":[93,107],"method":[94],"multiple":[96,122,198],"multivariate":[97,110,199],"described":[99],"van":[101],"Buuren,":[102],"Boshuizen,":[103],"Knook":[105],"(1999).":[106],"stands":[108],"chained":[113],"equations.":[114],"The":[115,276],"basic":[116],"idea":[117],"is":[124,281],"to":[125,162,172,177,227,260],"create":[126],"small":[128],"number":[129],"(e.g.,":[130],"5\u201310)":[131],"copies":[133,161],"data,":[136],"each":[137,148,215],"which":[139],"has":[140],"values":[143,204],"suitably":[144],"imputed,":[145],"analyze":[147],"complete":[149,217],"dataset":[150],"independently.":[151],"Estimates":[152],"parameters":[154],"interest":[156],"are":[157,169,258],"averaged":[158],"across":[159],"give":[163],"single":[165,207],"estimate.":[166],"Standard":[167],"errors":[168],"computed":[170],"according":[171],"\u201cRubin":[174],"rules\u201d,":[175],"devised":[176],"allow":[178],"between-":[181],"within-imputation":[183],"components":[184],"variation":[186],"parameter":[189],"estimates.":[190],"five":[194],"ado-files.":[195],"mvis":[196,265],"creates":[197],"imputations.":[200],"uvis":[201],"imputes":[202],"variable":[208],"function":[211],"several":[213],"data.":[218],"micombine":[219],"fits":[220],"wide":[222],"variety":[223],"regression":[225],"models":[226,242],"multiply":[229],"imputed":[230],"dataset,":[231],"combining":[232],"estimates":[234],"using":[235],"Rubin's":[236],"rules,":[237],"supports":[239],"survival":[240],"(stcox":[243],"streg),":[245],"categorical":[246],"models,":[248,251],"generalized":[249],"linear":[250],"more.":[253],"Finally,":[254],"misplit":[255],"mijoin":[257],"utilities":[259],"intercon-vert":[261],"created":[263],"miset":[269],"program":[270],"from":[271],"John":[272],"Carlin":[273],"colleagues.":[275],"use":[277],"routines":[280],"illustrated":[282],"example":[285],"prognostic":[287],"modeling":[288],"breast":[290],"cancer.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":99},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":109},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":100},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":106},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":102},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":108},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":122},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":129},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":137},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":179},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":178}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}