{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2161102032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1124","title":"Design and characterization of a cylindrical, water-cooled heat sink for thermoelectric air-conditioners","display_name":"Design and characterization of a cylindrical, water-cooled heat sink for thermoelectric air-conditioners","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2161102032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1124","mag":"2161102032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/er.1124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1124","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/er.1124","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32776067","display_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","issn_l":"0363-907X","issn":["0363-907X","1099-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/er.1124","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045281225","display_name":"Saffa Riffat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3911-0851","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3911-0851"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. B. Riffat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sustainable Energy and Technology, School of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sustainable Energy and Technology, School of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009309734","display_name":"Guoquan Qiu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Q. Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sustainable Energy and Technology, School of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sustainable Energy and Technology, School of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009309734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3646,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53770738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"2","first_page":"67","last_page":"80"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10440","display_name":"Advanced Thermoelectric Materials and Devices","score":0.7476000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10440","display_name":"Advanced Thermoelectric Materials and Devices","score":0.7476000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.24130000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13116","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Numerical Methods","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-cooled-heat-sink","display_name":"water-cooled heat sink","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coefficient-of-performance","display_name":"coefficient of performance","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer-rate","display_name":"heat transfer rate","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-resistance","display_name":"heat resistance","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-velocity","display_name":"flow velocity","score":0.859000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186937647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1796959","display_name":"Heat sink","level":2,"score":0.9138294458389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.6346626877784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.6313918828964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128458982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18891486","display_name":"Thermoelectric cooling","level":3,"score":0.6260572075843811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63024428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552456","display_name":"Thermoelectric effect","level":2,"score":0.6180264949798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.4716182053089142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91721477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778612","display_name":"Fin","level":2,"score":0.42191675305366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105873366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208873","display_name":"Air cooling","level":2,"score":0.4161968231201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3986915051937103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.390317440032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3596581816673279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.3419163227081299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3293089270591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23532027006149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08807164430618286}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/er.1124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1124","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/er.1124","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32776067","display_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","issn_l":"0363-907X","issn":["0363-907X","1099-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/er.1124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1124","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/er.1124","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32776067","display_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","issn_l":"0363-907X","issn":["0363-907X","1099-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Energy Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.878000020980835}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161102032.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2161102032.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980407191","https://openalex.org/W1984081018","https://openalex.org/W2001925916","https://openalex.org/W2026711559","https://openalex.org/W2070853013","https://openalex.org/W2084709465","https://openalex.org/W3092726311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1718836799","https://openalex.org/W2140592524","https://openalex.org/W4224286507","https://openalex.org/W2015449927","https://openalex.org/W4387575033","https://openalex.org/W2132801096","https://openalex.org/W2130151242","https://openalex.org/W4382406042","https://openalex.org/W4416976970","https://openalex.org/W2386991642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thermoelectric":[0],"air-conditioners":[1],"(TEACs)":[2],"are":[3,30],"becoming":[4],"much":[5],"concerned":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,24],"their":[9,17],"many":[10],"advantages,":[11],"but":[12],"the":[13,26,32,38,60,64,69,75,81,90,94,100,110,130,138,143,147,152,160,174],"low":[14],"COPs":[15,27],"limit":[16],"broad":[18],"applications.":[19],"The":[20,105],"two":[21],"key":[22],"factors":[23],"raise":[25],"of":[28,34,41,63,115,125,137,140,146],"TEACs":[29],"both":[31],"improvement":[33,139],"thermoelectric":[35,50,65,148],"materials":[36],"and":[37,67,83,99,171,181],"optimum":[39,91,95,101,144],"design":[40],"hot":[42,61],"side":[43,62],"heat":[44,57,71,77,85,112,117,127,141,154,162],"sinks.":[45],"This":[46,164],"paper":[47],"provides":[48],"a":[49,54,135],"air-conditioning":[51,149],"system":[52,150,166],"with":[53,151,159],"water-cooled":[55,82,116,153],"sleeve":[56],"sink":[58,118,128,155],"in":[59,179,183],"pellets,":[66],"compares":[68],"overall":[70,111],"transfer":[72,113],"rates":[73],"qt,":[74],"total":[76],"resistances":[78],"Rt":[79],"between":[80],"air-cooled":[84,126,161],"sinks":[86],"as":[87,89,134],"well":[88],"fin":[92,102],"length,":[93],"fluid":[96],"flow":[97],"velocity":[98],"gap":[103],"distance.":[104],"simulation":[106],"results":[107],"show":[108],"that":[109,124,158],"rate":[114],"is":[119],"more":[120],"than":[121],"20":[122],"times":[123],"under":[129],"other":[131],"same":[132],"circumstances,":[133],"result":[136],"sink,":[142],"COP":[145],"proximately":[156],"doubles":[157],"sink.":[163],"novel":[165],"could":[167],"be":[168],"simply":[169],"installed":[170],"applied":[172],"all":[173],"year":[175],"round":[176],"for":[177],"cooling":[178],"summer":[180],"heating":[182],"winter.":[184],"Copyright":[185],"\u00a9":[186],"2005":[187],"John":[188],"Wiley":[189],"&":[190],"Sons,":[191],"Ltd.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}