{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2160660573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601196214004","title":"Determinants and Process of the Choice of Goal Difficulty","display_name":"Determinants and Process of the Choice of Goal Difficulty","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2160660573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601196214004","mag":"2160660573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1059601196214004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601196214004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601196214004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192266589","display_name":"Group & Organization Management","issn_l":"1059-6011","issn":["1059-6011","1552-3993"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Group &amp; Organization Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113439687","display_name":"Faten M. Moussa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141810926","display_name":"Baruch College","ror":"https://ror.org/023qavy03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141810926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","display_name":"City University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/00453a208","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Faten M. Moussa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baruch College, City University of New York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baruch College, City University of New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141810926","https://openalex.org/I174216632"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113439687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141810926","https://openalex.org/I174216632"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36472653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"414","last_page":"438"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11543","display_name":"Employee Performance and Motivation","score":0.396699994802475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11543","display_name":"Employee Performance and Motivation","score":0.396699994802475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.20589999854564667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13235","display_name":"Management Theory and Practice","score":0.08980000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-difficulty","display_name":"goal difficulty","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-set-goals","display_name":"self-set goals","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piece-rate-pay","display_name":"piece-rate pay","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment-methods","display_name":"payment methods","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-setting","display_name":"goal setting","score":0.5740000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.8199544548988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6825342178344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6692440509796143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.6405561566352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5593132972717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778319590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10981881","display_name":"Self-esteem","level":2,"score":0.5345494151115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.475605309009552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199027","display_name":"Goal setting","level":2,"score":0.4480408728122711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.34273308515548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1651950180530548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1489466428756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.06441468000411987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1059601196214004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601196214004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601196214004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192266589","display_name":"Group & Organization Management","issn_l":"1059-6011","issn":["1059-6011","1552-3993"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Group &amp; Organization Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106426770","https://openalex.org/W1503902857","https://openalex.org/W1518638857","https://openalex.org/W1967988596","https://openalex.org/W1971440513","https://openalex.org/W1984056111","https://openalex.org/W1992319850","https://openalex.org/W1993308331","https://openalex.org/W1996311136","https://openalex.org/W1998844911","https://openalex.org/W1999945441","https://openalex.org/W2000838355","https://openalex.org/W2000995949","https://openalex.org/W2001295907","https://openalex.org/W2001982839","https://openalex.org/W2004486929","https://openalex.org/W2008317908","https://openalex.org/W2016321212","https://openalex.org/W2023751349","https://openalex.org/W2027563153","https://openalex.org/W2028173606","https://openalex.org/W2043334566","https://openalex.org/W2045265920","https://openalex.org/W2045959487","https://openalex.org/W2049503251","https://openalex.org/W2053186960","https://openalex.org/W2054291424","https://openalex.org/W2055231754","https://openalex.org/W2056851983","https://openalex.org/W2057619208","https://openalex.org/W2061905380","https://openalex.org/W2063584174","https://openalex.org/W2066310381","https://openalex.org/W2067654947","https://openalex.org/W2073125963","https://openalex.org/W2073802278","https://openalex.org/W2083301168","https://openalex.org/W2085483299","https://openalex.org/W2094208815","https://openalex.org/W2103989417","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2108723401","https://openalex.org/W2120580856","https://openalex.org/W2130191558","https://openalex.org/W2139597638","https://openalex.org/W2143169581","https://openalex.org/W2149186264","https://openalex.org/W2156874629","https://openalex.org/W2169106160","https://openalex.org/W2320499040","https://openalex.org/W2606425006","https://openalex.org/W2784967073","https://openalex.org/W2994172176","https://openalex.org/W4246679797","https://openalex.org/W4248801419","https://openalex.org/W4297081765","https://openalex.org/W7000327413"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043611560","https://openalex.org/W2798207342","https://openalex.org/W2023751349","https://openalex.org/W2109993882","https://openalex.org/W7065302633","https://openalex.org/W2009598374","https://openalex.org/W585029563","https://openalex.org/W2108723401","https://openalex.org/W1968305293","https://openalex.org/W2020364262"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,33],"laboratory":[1],"study":[2],"was":[3,47,96],"designed":[4],"to":[5,49,61,98],"examine":[6],"the":[7,28,51,70,75,113,124],"impact":[8],"of":[9,11,18,30,45,53,90,103,109,115,120,126],"methods":[10,44],"payment":[12,46],"(piece-rate":[13],"vs.":[14],"hourly":[15,76],"flat-rate),":[16],"choice":[17,29,52,89,119,125],"self-set":[19,91,121],"goals":[20,68,92,122],"(hard,":[21],"easy,":[22],"and":[23,25,43,93,118],"free-choice),":[24],"self-esteem":[26,42,58,64,95,117],"on":[27,123],"goal":[31,54,127],"difficulty.":[32,55,128],"significant":[34,82],"(p":[35,83],"=":[36,84],".01)":[37],"two-way":[38,86],"interaction":[39,87],"between":[40,88],"task-specific":[41,57,63,94,116],"found":[48,97],"influence":[50,99],"High":[56],"subjects-as":[59],"opposed":[60],"low":[62],"subjects-set":[65],"significantly":[66],"harder":[67],"under":[69,74],"piece-rate":[71],"plans":[72],"than":[73],"flat-rate":[77],"plans.":[78],"In":[79],"addition,":[80],"a":[81],".003)":[85],"perceived":[100],"total":[101,107],"valences":[102,108],"job":[104,110],"performance.":[105],"Perceived":[106],"performance":[111],"mediates":[112],"effects":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
