{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2160191919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/0029-4624.33.s13.8","title":"The New Relevant Alternatives TheorY","display_name":"The New Relevant Alternatives TheorY","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2160191919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/0029-4624.33.s13.8","mag":"2160191919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/0029-4624.33.s13.8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/0029-4624.33.s13.8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/0029-4624.33.s13.8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170801797","display_name":"No\u00fbs","issn_l":"0029-4624","issn":["0029-4624","1468-0068"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"No\u00fbs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/VOGTNR-3.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060729846","display_name":"Jonathan C. Vogel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-0231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-0231"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177605424","display_name":"Amherst College","ror":"https://ror.org/028vqfs63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177605424"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Vogel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amherst College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amherst College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177605424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060729846"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177605424"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.8493,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":134,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98784713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"s13","first_page":"155","last_page":"180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11477","display_name":"Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12320","display_name":"Feminist Epistemology and Gender Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge","display_name":"knowledge","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skepticism","display_name":"skepticism","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemic-justification","display_name":"epistemic justification","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dretske","display_name":"Dretske","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goldman","display_name":"Goldman","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensory-deception","display_name":"sensory deception","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evidentialism","display_name":"evidentialism","score":0.4819999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.6552265882492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42203885316848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.34840133786201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3470029830932617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.3223780691623688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21507388353347778}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/0029-4624.33.s13.8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/0029-4624.33.s13.8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/0029-4624.33.s13.8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170801797","display_name":"No\u00fbs","issn_l":"0029-4624","issn":["0029-4624","1468-0068"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"No\u00fbs","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/VOGTNR-3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/VOGTNR-3","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/VOGTNR-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/VOGTNR","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/VOGTNR","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/VOGTNR","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/VOGTNR","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/VOGTNR-3","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/VOGTNR-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/VOGTNR-3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/VOGTNR-3","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/VOGTNR-3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2160191919.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2160191919.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88601605","https://openalex.org/W1556096785","https://openalex.org/W1979048954","https://openalex.org/W1999643582","https://openalex.org/W2049957691","https://openalex.org/W2054640049","https://openalex.org/W2071855307","https://openalex.org/W2092414217","https://openalex.org/W2169742279","https://openalex.org/W2331066937","https://openalex.org/W2734659451"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095200643","https://openalex.org/W1993424582","https://openalex.org/W4399983346","https://openalex.org/W2389056547","https://openalex.org/W2401092612","https://openalex.org/W7065759593","https://openalex.org/W2071855307","https://openalex.org/W123758825","https://openalex.org/W7096803865","https://openalex.org/W7220201613"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,134,145],"prominent":[1],"theme":[2],"in":[3,58,124,152,168,237],"much":[4],"recent":[5],"epistemology":[6],"is":[7,21,67,77,139,146,175,216,222,258],"that":[8,55,201,259,284,296],"the":[9,40,56,91,108,115,118,125,156,160,188,254,269,287,299],"requirements":[10],"for":[11,98,245],"knowledge":[12],"are":[13],"limited":[14],"and":[15,37,46,76,85],"context-dependent.The":[16],"Relevant":[17,64],"Alternatives":[18,65],"Theory":[19,93],"(RAT)":[20],"a":[22,72,80,103,136,140,250,264],"systematic":[23],"articulation":[24],"of":[25,28,83,90,106,117,143,159,253,289,301],"this":[26,131],"point":[27],"view.Since":[29],"it":[30,47,224,260],"was":[31],"put":[32],"forward":[33],"by":[34,121],"Fred":[35,122],"Dretske":[36,123,247],"Alvin":[38],"Goldman,":[39],"RAT":[41,109,161],"has":[42,110],"undergone":[43],"significant":[44],"evolution,":[45],"now":[48],"enjoys":[49],"broad":[50],"acceptance.But":[51],"I":[52],"will":[53,95,233],"argue":[54],"theory":[57,119],"its":[59],"current":[60],"form":[61],"(the":[62],"\"New":[63],"Theory\")":[66],"deeply":[68],"defective.It":[69],"fails":[70],"as":[71,79,162,263,272],"response":[73],"to":[74,101,135,149,185,191,208,226,266],"skepticism,":[75],"untenable":[78],"positive":[81],"account":[82,105],"what":[84,174,211,223],"how":[86,107],"we":[87],"know.1.":[88],"Elements":[89],"New":[92],"It":[94],"be":[96],"helpful,":[97],"expository":[99],"purposes,":[100],"present":[102],"rough":[104],"taken":[111],"shape.I'll":[112],"begin":[113],"with":[114],"version":[116],"presented":[120],"1970's.lWe":[126],"need":[127],"some":[128,277],"terminology":[129],"at":[130],"point.An":[132],"alternative":[133,148,214],"proposition":[137,279],"P":[138,150,195],"logical":[141],"contrary":[142],"P;":[144],"an":[147,165,213,217,231],"just":[151],"case":[153],"Pentails-A.Dretske":[154],"puts":[155],"central":[157],"thesis":[158],"follows:":[163],"\"Knowledge...(is)":[164],"evidential":[166],"state":[167],"which":[169],"all":[170],"relevant":[171,189,215,255],"alternatives":[172,190,207,256],"[to":[173],"known]are":[176],"eliminated\"":[177],"(1981),":[178],"p.":[179],"367.To":[180],"know":[181,194,276,283,295,308],"P,":[182],"one":[183,203],"needs":[184],"\"eliminate\"":[186],"only":[187],"P.You":[192],"can":[193,261],"despite":[196],"your":[197],"not":[198],"having":[199],"evidence":[200],"\"eliminates\"":[202],"or":[204,228],"more":[205],"irrelevant":[206],"P.":[209],"Clearly,":[210],"makes":[212],"important":[218],"question;":[219],"so,":[220],"too,":[221],"means":[225],"eliminate":[227],"rule":[229],"out":[230],"alternative.I":[232],"address":[234],"these":[235],"issues":[236],"detail":[238],"below,":[239],"so":[240],"let's":[241],"leave":[242],"them":[243],"aside":[244],"now.As":[246],"sees":[248],"things,":[249],"principal":[251],"virtue":[252],"approach":[257],"serve":[262],"corrective":[265],"skepticism.He":[267],"analyzes":[268],"skeptical":[270],"argument":[271],"follows:(1)":[273],"If":[274],"you":[275,282,285,297,306],"mundane":[278],"M,":[280],"then":[281],"aren't":[286,298],"victim":[288,300],"massive":[290,302],"sensory":[291,303],"deception.2(2)":[292],"You":[293],"don't":[294,307],"deception.(3)":[304],"Therefore,":[305],"M.":[309],"This":[310],"content":[311],"downloaded":[312],"from":[313],"132.174.248.127":[314],"on":[315],"Sun,":[316],"27":[317],"Nov":[318]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}