{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2159739762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2009.70","title":"Learning a Metric for Code Readability","display_name":"Learning a Metric for Code Readability","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2159739762","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2009.70","mag":"2159739762"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2009.70","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2009.70","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2009.70","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007870661","display_name":"Raymond P.L. Buse","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond P L Buse","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083601969","display_name":"Westley R. Weimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-2204","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-2204"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Westley R Weimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3722,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":422,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95507509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"4","first_page":"546","last_page":"558"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-readability","display_name":"code readability","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability-metrics","display_name":"readability metrics","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"software quality","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-prediction","display_name":"fault prediction","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-changes","display_name":"code amendments","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language-design","display_name":"programming language design","score":0.8100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.9529869556427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8369963765144348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6666991710662842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.6388020515441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.6015263795852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5721457600593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.5594733953475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.5478555560112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5371805429458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5248335003852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5180925726890564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.49973154067993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46487975120544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.36572033166885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32840073108673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2780492603778839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2009.70","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2009.70","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2009.70","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147104864","https://openalex.org/W578660804","https://openalex.org/W1481128830","https://openalex.org/W1514281731","https://openalex.org/W1531717019","https://openalex.org/W1533880920","https://openalex.org/W1537910544","https://openalex.org/W1560729591","https://openalex.org/W1566376227","https://openalex.org/W1573955430","https://openalex.org/W1575235053","https://openalex.org/W1602368597","https://openalex.org/W1644882639","https://openalex.org/W1680392829","https://openalex.org/W1841018194","https://openalex.org/W1963137668","https://openalex.org/W1964962870","https://openalex.org/W1967390364","https://openalex.org/W1969685458","https://openalex.org/W1971895315","https://openalex.org/W1981108270","https://openalex.org/W1986453394","https://openalex.org/W1986736724","https://openalex.org/W2010837018","https://openalex.org/W2032272456","https://openalex.org/W2038546291","https://openalex.org/W2087527532","https://openalex.org/W2089463122","https://openalex.org/W2095371737","https://openalex.org/W2100945416","https://openalex.org/W2103953153","https://openalex.org/W2154774499","https://openalex.org/W2158335989","https://openalex.org/W2164886519","https://openalex.org/W2167204253","https://openalex.org/W2322584079","https://openalex.org/W2989567029","https://openalex.org/W2996346140","https://openalex.org/W4240102993","https://openalex.org/W4296394699","https://openalex.org/W6770145310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981108270","https://openalex.org/W7099143079","https://openalex.org/W2182157406","https://openalex.org/W7100448490","https://openalex.org/W7100276627","https://openalex.org/W7219733745","https://openalex.org/W7099088026","https://openalex.org/W2324985893","https://openalex.org/W7101237145","https://openalex.org/W7099659422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,73,119],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,24,43,70,114],"explore":[4],"the":[5,116],"concept":[6],"of":[7,31,38,80,101,110,118,137,149],"code":[8,33,83],"readability":[9,47,67],"and":[10,35,49,58,88,125,136],"investigate":[11],"its":[12],"relation":[13],"to":[14,146],"software":[15,81],"quality.":[16],"With":[17],"data":[18,131],"collected":[19],"from":[20],"120":[21],"human":[22,36],"annotators,":[23],"derive":[25],"associations":[26],"between":[27],"a":[28,61],"simple":[29,143],"set":[30],"local":[32,147],"features":[34],"notions":[37],"readability.":[39,150],"Using":[40],"those":[41],"features,":[42],"construct":[44],"an":[45],"automated":[46,85],"measure":[48,93],"show":[50,71],"that":[51,72,133],"it":[52],"can":[53],"be":[54],"80":[55],"percent":[56],"effective":[57],"better":[59],"than":[60,142],"human,":[62],"on":[63,96,121],"average,":[64],"at":[65],"predicting":[66],"judgments.":[68],"Furthermore,":[69],"metric":[74],"correlates":[75],"strongly":[76],"with":[77],"three":[78],"measures":[79],"quality:":[82],"changes,":[84],"defect":[86,89],"reports,":[87],"log":[90],"messages.":[91],"We":[92],"these":[94],"correlations":[95],"over":[97,107],"2.2":[98],"million":[99],"lines":[100,145],"code,":[102],"as":[103,105],"well":[104],"longitudinally,":[106],"many":[108],"releases":[109],"selected":[111],"projects.":[112],"Finally,":[113],"discuss":[115],"implications":[117],"study":[120],"programming":[122],"language":[123],"design":[124],"engineering":[126],"practice.":[127],"For":[128],"example,":[129],"our":[130],"suggest":[132],"comments,":[134],"in":[135],"themselves,":[138],"are":[139],"less":[140],"important":[141],"blank":[144],"judgments":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
