{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2159701480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.079483","title":"What is the association between wealth and mental health?","display_name":"What is the association between wealth and mental health?","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2159701480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.079483","mag":"2159701480","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19028729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.2008.079483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.079483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.079483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070393855","display_name":"Kristie N. Carter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K N Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Inequalities Research Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington South, Wellington 6242, New Zealand. kristie.carter@otago.ac.nz","Health Inequalities Research Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington 6242, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Inequalities Research Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington South, Wellington 6242, New Zealand. kristie.carter@otago.ac.nz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Inequalities Research Program, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, Wellington 6242, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038674257","display_name":"Tony A Blakely","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6995-4369","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6995-4369"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T Blakely","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Inequalities Research Program"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Inequalities Research Program","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076432650","display_name":"Sunny C. Collings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5486-1194","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5486-1194"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Collings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Social Psychiatry and Population Mental Health Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Social Psychiatry and Population Mental Health Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055967336","display_name":"Fiona Imlach Gunasekara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F Imlach Gunasekara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Inequalities Research Program"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Inequalities Research Program","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"K Richardson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K Richardson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Inequalities Research Program"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Inequalities Research Program","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070393855"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9092,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":120,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96822148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"3","first_page":"221","last_page":"226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11959","display_name":"Employment and Welfare Studies","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset-wealth","display_name":"asset wealth","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"mental health","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-distress","display_name":"psychological distress","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-inequality","display_name":"socioeconomic disparities","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income","display_name":"income","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/area-deprivation","display_name":"area deprivation","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline-health-status","display_name":"baseline health status","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/savings","display_name":"savings","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homeownership","display_name":"homeownership","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-zealand","display_name":"New Zealand","score":0.5509999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.7701132893562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7370138168334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.6738690137863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.621088981628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.5792553424835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.55164635181427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5167083740234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.4986608028411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.4775715172290802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41589608788490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.35480499267578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.33278369903564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.24078506231307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.22458645701408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18045660853385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.06722903251647949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004812","descriptor_name":"Epidemiologic Methods","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008603","descriptor_name":"Mental Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009520","descriptor_name":"New Zealand","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013315","descriptor_name":"Stress, Psychological","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013315","descriptor_name":"Stress, Psychological","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015986","descriptor_name":"Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054624","descriptor_name":"Health Status Disparities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.2008.079483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.079483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.079483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19028729","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19028729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of epidemiology and community health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2181443262","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://otago.ac.nz/wellington/otago020414.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9476000070571899,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32510648","https://openalex.org/W57478998","https://openalex.org/W1600842039","https://openalex.org/W1709459905","https://openalex.org/W1983857299","https://openalex.org/W1985296982","https://openalex.org/W1988608170","https://openalex.org/W1989012023","https://openalex.org/W2001976172","https://openalex.org/W2009797510","https://openalex.org/W2016110253","https://openalex.org/W2017453299","https://openalex.org/W2025961724","https://openalex.org/W2031403388","https://openalex.org/W2043260702","https://openalex.org/W2048748813","https://openalex.org/W2049493177","https://openalex.org/W2066709094","https://openalex.org/W2068208536","https://openalex.org/W2075536838","https://openalex.org/W2097781213","https://openalex.org/W2100651511","https://openalex.org/W2102237470","https://openalex.org/W2112725962","https://openalex.org/W2113504992","https://openalex.org/W2124516067","https://openalex.org/W2134976897","https://openalex.org/W2135336934","https://openalex.org/W2139266584","https://openalex.org/W2142626145","https://openalex.org/W2155162100","https://openalex.org/W2157686266","https://openalex.org/W2159786960","https://openalex.org/W2165626243","https://openalex.org/W2165944632","https://openalex.org/W2167044045","https://openalex.org/W2167410528","https://openalex.org/W2226354970","https://openalex.org/W3121365462","https://openalex.org/W3121938218","https://openalex.org/W3124429173","https://openalex.org/W3143774518","https://openalex.org/W4210481549","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2535661104","https://openalex.org/W640757769","https://openalex.org/W2154058979","https://openalex.org/W2080588805","https://openalex.org/W4286267323","https://openalex.org/W2898417032","https://openalex.org/W1225099051","https://openalex.org/W2603175314","https://openalex.org/W4210832084","https://openalex.org/W3143302347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Socioeconomic":[1],"inequalities":[2],"in":[3,9,27,64,117,186],"mental":[4],"health":[5,41,103,164,203,235,241],"have":[6,233],"been":[7],"shown":[8],"a":[10,77],"number":[11],"of":[12,35,54,57,79,84,86,110,209],"populations.":[13],"This":[14,218],"study":[15,47],"aims":[16],"to":[17,131,153,158,169,174,223,239],"investigate":[18],"the":[19,50,55,118,124,141,151,167,177,182],"association":[20,83,211],"between":[21],"asset":[22,225],"wealth":[23,87,120,187],"and":[24,30,39,60,101,136,147,195,201,229,237],"psychological":[25,80,89,113,192],"distress":[26,90,114],"New":[28,65],"Zealand":[29,66],"whether":[31],"it":[32],"is":[33,212],"independent":[34],"other":[36,197],"socioeconomic":[37,99,216],"measures":[38,222],"baseline":[40,163,202],"status.":[42,104,204],"METHODS:":[43],"Data":[44],"for":[45,97,134,145,162],"this":[46],"were":[48,115],"from":[49],"first":[51],"three":[52],"waves":[53],"Survey":[56],"Families,":[58],"Income":[59],"Employment":[61],"(SoFIE)":[62],"conducted":[63],"(2002-2004/05)":[67],"(n":[68],"=":[69],"15":[70],"340).":[71],"The":[72,82,106],"Kessler-10":[73],"was":[74,91],"used":[75],"as":[76],"measure":[78],"distress.":[81],"quintiles":[85],"with":[88,123,191],"investigated":[92],"using":[93],"logistic":[94],"regression,":[95],"controlling":[96,161],"confounders,":[98],"variables":[100,200],"prior":[102],"RESULTS:":[105],"odds":[107],"ratio":[108],"(OR)":[109],"reporting":[111],"high":[112],"greater":[116],"lowest":[119],"quintile":[121],"compared":[122],"highest":[125],"(OR":[126],"3.06,":[127],"95%":[128],"CI":[129,156,172],"2.68":[130],"3.50).":[132],"Adjusting":[133],"age":[135],"sex":[137],"did":[138],"not":[139,207],"alter":[140],"relationship;":[142],"however,":[143],"adjusting":[144],"income":[146],"area":[148],"deprivation":[149],"attenuated":[150],"OR":[152,168],"1.73":[154],"(95%":[155,171],"1.48":[157],"2.04).":[159],"Further":[160],"status":[165],"reduced":[166],"1.45":[170],"1.23":[173],"1.71),":[175],"although":[176],"confidence":[178],"interval":[179],"still":[180],"excluded":[181],"null.":[183],"CONCLUSIONS:":[184],"Inequalities":[185],"are":[188],"strongly":[189],"associated":[190],"distress,":[193],"over":[194],"above":[196],"confounding":[198],"demographic":[199],"Much,":[205],"but":[206],"all,":[208],"that":[210,220],"confounded":[213],"by":[214],"adult":[215],"position.":[217],"suggests":[219],"policy":[221],"improve":[224],"wealth,":[226],"through":[227],"savings":[228],"home":[230],"ownership,":[231],"may":[232],"positive":[234],"implications":[236],"help":[238],"reduce":[240],"inequalities.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}