{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2159697602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00376.x","title":"The Changing Structure of American Cities: A Study of the Diffusion of Innovation","display_name":"The Changing Structure of American Cities: A Study of the Diffusion of Innovation","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2159697602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00376.x","mag":"2159697602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00376.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00376.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00376.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76877748","display_name":"Public Administration Review","issn_l":"0033-3352","issn":["0033-3352","1540-6210"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Administration Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072185495","display_name":"H. George Frederickson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146416000","display_name":"University of Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/001tmjg57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. George Frederickson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kansas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kansas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146416000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gary Alan Johnson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Alan Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina\u2013Charlotte"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina\u2013Charlotte","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000794143","display_name":"Curtis Wood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102502594","display_name":"Northern Illinois University","ror":"https://ror.org/012wxa772","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102502594"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Curtis Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northern Illinois University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northern Illinois University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102502594"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4250},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.2591,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98575432,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"3","first_page":"320","last_page":"330"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13247","display_name":"Local Governance and Planning","score":0.5425000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13247","display_name":"Local Governance and Planning","score":0.5425000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12210","display_name":"Policy Transfer and Learning","score":0.1378999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.09589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/municipal-government-structure","display_name":"municipal government structure","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mayor-council-government","display_name":"mayor-council government","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/council-manager-government","display_name":"council-manager government","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-of-innovations","display_name":"diffusion of innovations","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s-curve","display_name":"S-curve","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-efficiency","display_name":"administrative efficiency","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-responsiveness","display_name":"political responsiveness","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-government-reform","display_name":"local government reform","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-cities","display_name":"American cities","score":0.5379999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.7766947746276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6327268481254578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.5770997405052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.5745385885238647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778719706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501447","display_name":"Local government","level":2,"score":0.5107033848762512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4386327862739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992757693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q696776","display_name":"City management","level":2,"score":0.4214150905609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.3425384759902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.228021502494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11401775479316711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08076956868171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07677486538887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.06712865829467773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00376.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00376.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00376.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76877748","display_name":"Public Administration Review","issn_l":"0033-3352","issn":["0033-3352","1540-6210"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Administration Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8787999749183655,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W357101791","https://openalex.org/W566661176","https://openalex.org/W568066715","https://openalex.org/W613731302","https://openalex.org/W630766707","https://openalex.org/W644040557","https://openalex.org/W1490978112","https://openalex.org/W1491524481","https://openalex.org/W1503484381","https://openalex.org/W1525420798","https://openalex.org/W1550684686","https://openalex.org/W1561155644","https://openalex.org/W1870192115","https://openalex.org/W1874111449","https://openalex.org/W1974965568","https://openalex.org/W1978689284","https://openalex.org/W1982500570","https://openalex.org/W1984518025","https://openalex.org/W1990513740","https://openalex.org/W2003538456","https://openalex.org/W2014793425","https://openalex.org/W2015250126","https://openalex.org/W2021369479","https://openalex.org/W2030145132","https://openalex.org/W2038896810","https://openalex.org/W2056475699","https://openalex.org/W2067725028","https://openalex.org/W2077094990","https://openalex.org/W2120237232","https://openalex.org/W2314765727","https://openalex.org/W2319551157","https://openalex.org/W2326887067","https://openalex.org/W2332249547","https://openalex.org/W2334255970","https://openalex.org/W2334337014","https://openalex.org/W2334551130","https://openalex.org/W2476732026","https://openalex.org/W2478270676","https://openalex.org/W2529315686","https://openalex.org/W2796384191","https://openalex.org/W3124423022","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300106037","https://openalex.org/W4301625598","https://openalex.org/W4301952529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982500570","https://openalex.org/W2003538456","https://openalex.org/W2156210302","https://openalex.org/W2007334176","https://openalex.org/W2009074629","https://openalex.org/W7098510439","https://openalex.org/W2904996917","https://openalex.org/W2619393723","https://openalex.org/W2120342691","https://openalex.org/W2112961307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"historical":[1],"and":[2,5,20,41,116],"numerical":[3],"analysis":[4],"the":[6,14,28,33,70,81,95],"five\u2010part":[7],"schema,":[8],"this":[9,53],"study":[10,54],"finds":[11],"that":[12,56],"over":[13],"past":[15],"50":[16],"years":[17],"structural":[18],"modifications":[19],"adaptations":[21],"by":[22],"American":[23],"cities":[24,58,106,118],"have":[25,91],"generally":[26],"followed":[27],"standard":[29,62],"S":[30,65,89],"curve":[31],"of":[32,35,39,44,46,69,73,94,98,130],"diffusion":[34,64],"innovation.":[36],"In":[37],"tests":[38],"Kaufman's":[40],"Hirshman's":[42],"theories":[43],"epochs":[45],"change":[47],"from":[48],"representativeness":[49],"to":[50],"administrative":[51,78],"efficiency,":[52],"determines":[55],"mayor\u2010council":[57,99,111],"have,":[59],"in":[60,87,114],"a":[61,124],"innovation":[63],"curve,":[66,90],"adopted":[67,92],"many":[68,93],"key":[71,96],"features":[72,97],"council\u2010manager":[74,84,113],"cities,":[75,85,100],"increasing":[76,101],"their":[77,102],"efficiency.":[79],"At":[80],"same":[82],"time,":[83],"again":[86],"an":[88],"political":[103],"responsiveness.":[104],"Fewer":[105],"are":[107,119],"now":[108],"either":[109],"distinctly":[110],"or":[112,127],"form,":[115],"most":[117],"structurally":[120],"less":[121],"distinct,":[122],"constituting":[123],"newly":[125],"merged":[126],"hybrid":[128],"model":[129],"local":[131],"government\u2014the":[132],"type":[133],"III":[134],"city.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}