{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2159336728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142112447525","title":"Crowding Out and Crowding In of Private Donations and Government Grants","display_name":"Crowding Out and Crowding In of Private Donations and Government Grants","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2159336728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142112447525","mag":"2159336728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1091142112447525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142112447525","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142112447525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180492355","display_name":"Public Finance Review","issn_l":"1091-1421","issn":["1091-1421","1552-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Finance Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091136058","display_name":"Garth Heutel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-2675","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-2675"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169335092","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnxsj42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Garth Heutel","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA","University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169335092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091136058"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I169335092"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.8788,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":115,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98756578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"2","first_page":"143","last_page":"175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11120","display_name":"Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11120","display_name":"Nonprofit Sector and Volunteering","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14464","display_name":"Community Development and Social Impact","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowding-out","display_name":"crowding out","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowding-in-effect","display_name":"crowding in","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-donations","display_name":"private donations","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-grants","display_name":"government grants","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonprofit-organizations","display_name":"nonprofit organizations","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philanthropic-funding","display_name":"philanthropic funding","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signaling","display_name":"signaling","score":0.7129999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.9112421274185181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8031360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071788","display_name":"Crowding out","level":2,"score":0.8771506547927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7085447311401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149333683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5189188","display_name":"Crowding","level":2,"score":0.5223318338394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5108072757720947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178283979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274490","display_name":"Public finance","level":2,"score":0.4944746494293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.48588913679122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4756476581096649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.45711731910705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.35254305601119995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.32998520135879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3096282482147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.1521126627922058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.14082303643226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.07805696129798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1091142112447525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142112447525","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1091142112447525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180492355","display_name":"Public Finance Review","issn_l":"1091-1421","issn":["1091-1421","1552-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Public Finance Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:pubfin:v:42:y:2014:i:2:p:143-175","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1091142112447525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W426083708","https://openalex.org/W1484133690","https://openalex.org/W1553530786","https://openalex.org/W1577784183","https://openalex.org/W1595697585","https://openalex.org/W1885229019","https://openalex.org/W1966324165","https://openalex.org/W1972602983","https://openalex.org/W1976429703","https://openalex.org/W1980412904","https://openalex.org/W1992752623","https://openalex.org/W1993996160","https://openalex.org/W1996039129","https://openalex.org/W2011965910","https://openalex.org/W2014525312","https://openalex.org/W2019095837","https://openalex.org/W2032252875","https://openalex.org/W2036803937","https://openalex.org/W2063572914","https://openalex.org/W2072338218","https://openalex.org/W2076590923","https://openalex.org/W2086017144","https://openalex.org/W2092532477","https://openalex.org/W2117512150","https://openalex.org/W2119149524","https://openalex.org/W2123750251","https://openalex.org/W2125543812","https://openalex.org/W2130001421","https://openalex.org/W2136300873","https://openalex.org/W2145223518","https://openalex.org/W2149267494","https://openalex.org/W2163499885","https://openalex.org/W2194211767","https://openalex.org/W2258723978","https://openalex.org/W3021317939","https://openalex.org/W3025196707","https://openalex.org/W3122535296","https://openalex.org/W3122981587","https://openalex.org/W3124259699","https://openalex.org/W3124829054","https://openalex.org/W3124913642","https://openalex.org/W4298197486","https://openalex.org/W4401545442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560747082","https://openalex.org/W2149267494","https://openalex.org/W1553269135","https://openalex.org/W7096712535","https://openalex.org/W2117512150","https://openalex.org/W3169222480","https://openalex.org/W2036803937","https://openalex.org/W2759033152","https://openalex.org/W1553685111","https://openalex.org/W4770664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"large":[1,36],"literature":[2],"examines":[3],"the":[4,27,47,54,66,118],"interaction":[5],"of":[6,11,14,72,78,128,131],"private":[7,22,58,96,132],"and":[8,81,117],"public":[9,18,63],"funding":[10,19,59,73],"charities,":[12],"much":[13],"it":[15],"testing":[16],"if":[17,110],"crowds":[20,83],"out":[21,52],"funding.":[23,64,86],"In":[24],"this":[25],"article,":[26],"author":[28,48,67,88,124],"looks":[29,49],"for":[30,50,102],"two":[31],"alternative":[32],"phenomena":[33],"using":[34],"a":[35,76],"panel":[37],"data":[38],"set":[39],"gathered":[40],"from":[41],"nonprofit":[42],"organizations\u2019":[43],"tax":[44],"returns.":[45],"First,":[46],"crowding":[51],"in":[53,84,95,99],"opposite":[55],"direction:":[56],"increased":[57],"may":[60],"cause":[61],"reduced":[62],"Second,":[65],"tests":[68],"whether":[69],"one":[70],"type":[71],"acts":[74],"as":[75],"signal":[77,119],"charity":[79],"quality":[80],"thus":[82],"other":[85],"The":[87,123],"finds":[89,125],"evidence":[90,127],"that":[91],"government":[92,135],"grants":[93],"crowd":[94],"donations.":[97],"Crowding":[98],"is":[100,106,121],"larger":[101],"younger":[103,115],"charities.":[104],"This":[105],"consistent":[107],"with":[108],"signaling,":[109],"donors":[111],"know":[112],"less":[113],"about":[114],"charities":[116],"value":[120],"stronger.":[122],"no":[126],"an":[129],"effect":[130],"donations":[133],"on":[134],"grants.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
