{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2159192118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290","title":"Bilingualism, Aging, and Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Simon Task.","display_name":"Bilingualism, Aging, and Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Simon Task.","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2159192118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290","mag":"2159192118","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15222822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55618883","display_name":"Psychology and Aging","issn_l":"0882-7974","issn":["0882-7974","1939-1498"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychology and Aging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024865781","display_name":"Ellen Bialystok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-2082","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-2082"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen Bialystok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada. ellenb@yorku.ca","Dept of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada. ellenb@yorku.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091209885","display_name":"Fergus I. M. Craik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-3236","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-3236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263474","display_name":"Rotman Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01kvpec59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258058","https://openalex.org/I4405263474"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fergus I. M. Craik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-3236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024186396","display_name":"Raymond M. Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3854-4498","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3854-4498"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology , Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology , Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042684579","display_name":"Mythili Viswanathan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192455969","display_name":"York University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fq50484","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mythili Viswanathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192455969"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2093,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1733,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99089253,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"290","last_page":"303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingualism","display_name":"bilingualism","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-control","display_name":"cognitive control","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simon-task","display_name":"Simon task","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simon-effect","display_name":"Simon effect","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executive-function","display_name":"executive function","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory","display_name":"working memory","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingual-advantage","display_name":"bilingual advantage","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controlled-processing","display_name":"controlled processing","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-related-cognitive-decline","display_name":"age-related cognitive decline","score":0.6779999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49876356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002651","display_name":"Neuroscience of multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.9295656681060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8304880857467651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6450454592704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.5578725934028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775968953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783092","display_name":"Executive functions","level":3,"score":0.5195682048797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4902632534503937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778510705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2287313","display_name":"Simon effect","level":3,"score":0.48447561264038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30081","display_name":"Multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.48424550890922546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4800492525100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4114009141921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.07189196348190308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.06593382358551025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003072","descriptor_name":"Cognition Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003072","descriptor_name":"Cognition Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009483","descriptor_name":"Neuropsychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019303","descriptor_name":"Multilingualism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55618883","display_name":"Psychology and Aging","issn_l":"0882-7974","issn":["0882-7974","1939-1498"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychology and Aging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15222822","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15222822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychology and aging","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.524.3897","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.524.3897","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cpfsask.com/documents/5c/York study- bilingualism and age.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130515728","https://openalex.org/W584551294","https://openalex.org/W616082193","https://openalex.org/W634886128","https://openalex.org/W1419310073","https://openalex.org/W1491020812","https://openalex.org/W1793734229","https://openalex.org/W1795327044","https://openalex.org/W1882780033","https://openalex.org/W1969024068","https://openalex.org/W1971594021","https://openalex.org/W1977436207","https://openalex.org/W1978319605","https://openalex.org/W1980532266","https://openalex.org/W1981847297","https://openalex.org/W1990764115","https://openalex.org/W1991245676","https://openalex.org/W1996354203","https://openalex.org/W2008457707","https://openalex.org/W2011396817","https://openalex.org/W2017464642","https://openalex.org/W2022421244","https://openalex.org/W2025282657","https://openalex.org/W2042820681","https://openalex.org/W2049672208","https://openalex.org/W2058120075","https://openalex.org/W2067698496","https://openalex.org/W2069880690","https://openalex.org/W2071533914","https://openalex.org/W2073815942","https://openalex.org/W2075650951","https://openalex.org/W2078353465","https://openalex.org/W2094439073","https://openalex.org/W2095502301","https://openalex.org/W2101139357","https://openalex.org/W2104069532","https://openalex.org/W2113657350","https://openalex.org/W2133952917","https://openalex.org/W2157018577","https://openalex.org/W2164829863","https://openalex.org/W2243074789","https://openalex.org/W2312362230","https://openalex.org/W2318638853","https://openalex.org/W2415502093","https://openalex.org/W2470997143","https://openalex.org/W2558189372","https://openalex.org/W2766149904","https://openalex.org/W2766955730","https://openalex.org/W2803614316","https://openalex.org/W2901186361","https://openalex.org/W2946325574","https://openalex.org/W2960071975","https://openalex.org/W2977615333","https://openalex.org/W2990335294","https://openalex.org/W3005112809","https://openalex.org/W3010156915","https://openalex.org/W4207080468","https://openalex.org/W4230234467","https://openalex.org/W4248831591","https://openalex.org/W4299602173","https://openalex.org/W4302408197","https://openalex.org/W4376548739","https://openalex.org/W6679964701","https://openalex.org/W6763527352","https://openalex.org/W6765746221"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W102769941","https://openalex.org/W1965122770","https://openalex.org/W2007994902","https://openalex.org/W2740433261","https://openalex.org/W2039187374","https://openalex.org/W4376288765","https://openalex.org/W2998796567","https://openalex.org/W1957783359","https://openalex.org/W2767841368","https://openalex.org/W2314051384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"work":[1],"has":[2],"shown":[3],"that":[4,18,64,100,121,132],"bilingualism":[5,47,133],"is":[6,17,124],"associated":[7,82],"with":[8,83],"more":[9,96,127],"effective":[10],"controlled":[11,122],"processing":[12,123],"in":[13,57,139],"children;":[14],"the":[15,19,49,66,77,110],"assumption":[16],"constant":[20],"management":[21],"of":[22,52,68],"2":[23],"competing":[24],"languages":[25],"enhances":[26],"executive":[27,141],"functions":[28],"(E.":[29],"Bialystok,":[30],"2001).":[31],"The":[32],"present":[33],"research":[34],"attempted":[35],"to":[36,98,135],"determine":[37],"whether":[38,46],"this":[39],"bilingual":[40,71,92,111],"advantage":[41,112],"persists":[42],"for":[43,88,115],"adults":[44,75],"and":[45,70,73,131],"attenuates":[48],"negative":[50],"effects":[51],"aging":[53],"on":[54,76,104],"cognitive":[55],"control":[56],"older":[58,74,116],"adults.":[59],"Three":[60],"studies":[61],"are":[62],"reported":[63],"compared":[65],"performance":[67],"monolingual":[69],"middle-aged":[72],"Simon":[78,85],"task.":[79],"Bilingualism":[80],"was":[81,113],"smaller":[84],"effect":[86],"costs":[87],"both":[89],"age":[90],"groups;":[91],"participants":[93],"also":[94],"responded":[95],"rapidly":[97],"conditions":[99],"placed":[101],"greater":[102,114],"demands":[103],"working":[105],"memory.":[106],"In":[107],"all":[108],"cases":[109],"participants.":[117],"It":[118],"appears,":[119],"therefore,":[120],"carried":[125],"out":[126],"effectively":[128],"by":[129],"bilinguals":[130],"helps":[134],"offset":[136],"age-related":[137],"losses":[138],"certain":[140],"processes.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":107},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":93},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":117},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":123},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":104},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":103},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":118},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":109},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":112},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":93}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}