{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158963070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e3181ce594e","title":"Simulating School Closure Strategies to Mitigate an Influenza Epidemic","display_name":"Simulating School Closure Strategies to Mitigate an Influenza Epidemic","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158963070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e3181ce594e","mag":"2158963070","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20035236","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2901099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/phh.0b013e3181ce594e","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e3181ce594e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e3181ce594e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146663148","display_name":"Journal of Public Health Management and Practice","issn_l":"1078-4659","issn":["1078-4659","1550-5022"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Health Management and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2901099","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071968122","display_name":"Bruce Y. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-8651","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2633-8651"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce Y. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. BYL1@pitt.edu","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. BYL1@pitt.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068134371","display_name":"Shawn T. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-8372","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-8372"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35765314","display_name":"Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04tac1482","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35765314"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shawn T. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35765314"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034584621","display_name":"Philip Chester Cooley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-7229","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9266-7229"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Cooley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Philip Cooley, MS, is Fellow in Computational Biology, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philip Cooley, MS, is Fellow in Computational Biology, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180297670"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080949388","display_name":"Maggie A. Potter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802898700","display_name":"Allegheny County","ror":"https://ror.org/04bf30x64","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802898700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maggie A. Potter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Director, Center for Public Health Practice, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director, Center for Public Health Practice, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802898700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110749017","display_name":"William D. Wheaton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William D. Wheaton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Triangle Institute MIDAS Team, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Triangle Institute MIDAS Team, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180297670"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111930547","display_name":"Ronald E. Voorhees","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802898700","display_name":"Allegheny County","ror":"https://ror.org/04bf30x64","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802898700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald E. Voorhees","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chief of Epidemiology, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chief of Epidemiology, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802898700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043587479","display_name":"Samuel Stebbins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Stebbins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samuel Stebbins, MD, MPH, is Director, Center for Public Health Preparedness, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samuel Stebbins, MD, MPH, is Director, Center for Public Health Preparedness, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066154658","display_name":"John J. Grefenstette","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6180-5177","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6180-5177"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John J. Grefenstette","raw_affiliation_strings":["Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024921775","display_name":"Shanta M. Zimmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5598-7621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5598-7621"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanta M. Zimmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022713628","display_name":"Richard Kent Zimmerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-6092","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-6092"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard K. Zimmerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109993561","display_name":"Tina-Marie Assi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tina-Marie Assi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109890298","display_name":"Rachel R. Bailey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel R. Bailey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109165394","display_name":"Diane K. Wagener","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diane K. Wagener","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Triangle Institute MIDAS Team, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Triangle Institute MIDAS Team, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180297670"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112420205","display_name":"Donald S. Burke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5704-8094","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5704-8094"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180297670","display_name":"RTI International","ror":"https://ror.org/052tfza37","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald S. Burke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dean, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dean, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Diane K. Wagener, PhD, is Senior Epidemiologist, Genomics and Statistical Genetics Program in RTI's Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.; John J. Grefenstette, PhD, is Director, Public Health Dynamics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Maggie A. Potter, JD, is Director, Center for Public Health Practice, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Richard K. Zimmerman, MD, MPH, Professor of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Ronald E. Voorhees, MD, MPH, is Chief of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; Shawn T. Brown, PhD, is Senior Scientist, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.; This study was supported by the National Institute General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Agent Study (MIDAS) grant 1U54GM088491-0109. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I180297670"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.2858,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":165,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99438091,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"252","last_page":"261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10167","display_name":"Influenza Virus Research Studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-closures","display_name":"school closures","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic-influenza","display_name":"pandemic influenza","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2009-h1n1-influenza","display_name":"2009 H1N1 influenza","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemic-mitigation","display_name":"epidemic mitigation","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-based-modeling","display_name":"agent-based modeling","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basic-reproduction-number","display_name":"basic reproduction number","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccination","display_name":"vaccination","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allegheny-county-pennsylvania","display_name":"Allegheny County","score":0.7919999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.6826865673065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146834321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979672","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6639915704727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.6007980704307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.5803838968276978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4841247498989105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019926118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2723958","display_name":"Influenza pandemic","level":5,"score":0.4740975797176361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.4153624176979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4136032164096832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3825533986091614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.33538806438446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.33062630891799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.30456864833831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.24413207173347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24091461300849915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.1775912344455719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.1398223638534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1350647509098053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004781","descriptor_name":"Environmental Exposure","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007251","descriptor_name":"Influenza, Human","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007251","descriptor_name":"Influenza, Human","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007251","descriptor_name":"Influenza, Human","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010414","descriptor_name":"Pennsylvania","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011322","descriptor_name":"Primary Prevention","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011790","descriptor_name":"Quarantine","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011790","descriptor_name":"Quarantine","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012111","descriptor_name":"Residence Characteristics","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012574","descriptor_name":"Schools","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014195","descriptor_name":"Travel","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017598","descriptor_name":"Efficiency, Organizational","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053118","descriptor_name":"Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype","qualifier_ui":"Q000472","qualifier_name":"pathogenicity","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/phh.0b013e3181ce594e","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e3181ce594e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e3181ce594e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S146663148","display_name":"Journal of Public Health Management and Practice","issn_l":"1078-4659","issn":["1078-4659","1550-5022"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Health Management and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20035236","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20035236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2901099","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2901099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Public Health Manag Pract","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2901099","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2901099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Public Health Manag Pract","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2086224255","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1U54GM088491-01-09","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4747885982","display_name":"Modeling of Infectious Disease Agent Study Information Technology","funder_award_id":"U24GM087704","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6015717554","display_name":"Computational Models of Infectious Disease Threats","funder_award_id":"5u54gm088491-10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574657919","https://openalex.org/W1981806743","https://openalex.org/W1987750593","https://openalex.org/W2013627456","https://openalex.org/W2047838565","https://openalex.org/W2048721876","https://openalex.org/W2056279541","https://openalex.org/W2065069831","https://openalex.org/W2079779136","https://openalex.org/W2084107697","https://openalex.org/W2084331111","https://openalex.org/W2092196248","https://openalex.org/W2107324390","https://openalex.org/W2116396562","https://openalex.org/W2117175888","https://openalex.org/W2118381991","https://openalex.org/W2119157824","https://openalex.org/W2129089656","https://openalex.org/W2142240784","https://openalex.org/W2156537900","https://openalex.org/W2162707016","https://openalex.org/W2315519241","https://openalex.org/W3210058232","https://openalex.org/W4301447967"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7034154009","https://openalex.org/W2115546337","https://openalex.org/W1989578898","https://openalex.org/W2215575251","https://openalex.org/W4233832588","https://openalex.org/W2538088707","https://openalex.org/W1764479762","https://openalex.org/W7098199202","https://openalex.org/W2761430770","https://openalex.org/W2303522998"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"There":[1],"remains":[2],"substantial":[3,183],"debate":[4],"over":[5],"the":[6,34,41,47,52,76,118,131,151,163,166,169,186,224],"impact":[7,184],"of":[8,54,57,70,78,87,107,117,165,188],"school":[9,80,94,103,108,140,174,189],"closure":[10,81,109],"as":[11,243],"a":[12,230,237],"mitigation":[13],"strategy":[14],"during":[15,46],"an":[16,27,64,212],"influenza":[17,23,50,85],"pandemic.":[18],"The":[19],"ongoing":[20],"2009":[21,48],"H1N1":[22,49],"pandemic":[24],"has":[25],"provided":[26],"unparalleled":[28],"opportunity":[29],"to":[30,74,112,125,181,210,229,235],"test":[31],"interventions":[32],"with":[33],"most":[35,116],"up-to-date":[36],"simulations.":[37],"METHODS:":[38],"To":[39],"assist":[40],"Allegheny":[42,71],"County":[43],"Health":[44],"Department":[45],"pandemic,":[51],"University":[53],"Pittsburgh":[55],"Models":[56],"Infectious":[58],"Disease":[59],"Agents":[60],"Study":[61],"group":[62],"employed":[63],"agent-based":[65],"computer":[66],"simulation":[67],"model":[68],"(ABM)":[69],"County,":[72],"Pennsylvania,":[73],"explore":[75],"effects":[77],"various":[79],"strategies":[82],"on":[83,130,185],"mitigating":[84],"epidemics":[86],"different":[88],"reproductive":[89],"rates":[90],"(R0).":[91],"RESULTS:":[92],"Entire":[93],"system":[95],"closures":[96,141,175,204],"were":[97],"not":[98,179,199,207],"more":[99,239],"effective":[100,240],"than":[101],"individual":[102],"closures.":[104],"Any":[105],"type":[106],"may":[110,147,206],"need":[111],"be":[113,208],"maintained":[114,216],"throughout":[115],"epidemic":[119,213,225],"(ie,":[120,142],"at":[121,172,218],"least":[122,219],"8":[123,220],"weeks)":[124],"have":[126,182],"any":[127],"significant":[128],"effect":[129],"overall":[132,152],"serologic":[133],"attack":[134,153],"rate.":[135],"In":[136],"fact,":[137],"relatively":[138],"short":[139,193],"2":[143],"weeks":[144],"or":[145],"less)":[146],"actually":[148],"slightly":[149],"increase":[150],"rate":[154],"by":[155],"returning":[156],"susceptible":[157],"students":[158],"back":[159],"into":[160],"schools":[161,197],"in":[162,195],"middle":[164],"epidemic.":[167],"Varying":[168],"illness":[170],"threshold":[171],"which":[173],"are":[176],"triggered":[177],"did":[178],"seem":[180],"effectiveness":[187],"closures,":[190],"suggesting":[191],"that":[192],"delays":[194],"closing":[196],"should":[198],"cause":[200],"concern.":[201],"CONCLUSIONS:":[202],"School":[203],"alone":[205],"able":[209],"quell":[211],"but,":[214],"when":[215],"for":[217,227],"weeks,":[221],"could":[222],"delay":[223],"peak":[226],"up":[228],"week,":[231],"providing":[232],"additional":[233],"time":[234],"implement":[236],"second":[238],"intervention":[241],"such":[242],"vaccination.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":25}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
