{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158531996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr444","title":"A Causal Framework for Understanding the Effect of Losses to Follow-up on Epidemiologic Analyses in Clinic-based Cohorts: The Case of HIV-infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Africa","display_name":"A Causal Framework for Understanding the Effect of Losses to Follow-up on Epidemiologic Analyses in Clinic-based Cohorts: The Case of HIV-infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Africa","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158531996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr444","mag":"2158531996","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22306557","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3353135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/aje/kwr444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr444","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-pdf/175/10/1080/202022/kwr444.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-pdf/175/10/1080/202022/kwr444.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038159516","display_name":"Elvin Hsing Geng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0825-1424","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0825-1424"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E. H. Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. genge@php.ucsf.edu","Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. genge@php.ucsf.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019376012","display_name":"David V. Glidden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5888-1419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5888-1419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. V. Glidden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073389592","display_name":"David R. Bangsberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6352-8908","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6352-8908"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. R. Bangsberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032284535","display_name":"Mwebwesa Bosco Bwana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. B. Bwana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003315166","display_name":"Nicholas Musinguzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-4623","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-4623"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Musinguzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043031415","display_name":"Denis Nash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-5386","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-5386"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Nash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025423844","display_name":"John Z. Metcalfe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2279-7036","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2279-7036"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Z. Metcalfe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059878540","display_name":"Constantin Theodore Yiannoutsos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9014-3651","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9014-3651"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. T. Yiannoutsos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009636499","display_name":"Jeffrey N. Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9773-3256","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9773-3256"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. N. Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088136001","display_name":"Maya L Petersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-2041","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4941-2041"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295908608","display_name":"San Francisco General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05j8x4n38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. L. Petersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, Box 0874, San Francisco, CA 94110","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038159516"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295908608","https://openalex.org/I180670191"],"apc_list":{"value":4856,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4856},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1109,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96693215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"175","issue":"10","first_page":"1080","last_page":"1087"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.40059998631477356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.40059998631477356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.3637999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.15970000624656677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loss-to-follow-up","display_name":"loss to follow-up","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiretroviral-therapy","display_name":"antiretroviral therapy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-probability-of-censoring-weighting","display_name":"inverse probability of censoring weighting","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collider-bias","display_name":"collider bias","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graphs","display_name":"directed acyclic graphs","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uganda","display_name":"Uganda","score":0.38600000739097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7247220873832703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137668524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189813","display_name":"Censoring (clinical trials)","level":2,"score":0.6349578499794006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5864333510398865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.48938053846359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.4825969934463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26831200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16963953","display_name":"Marginal structural model","level":3,"score":0.4775063395500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4641752243041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993143319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583050","display_name":"Antiretroviral therapy","level":4,"score":0.45313209295272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.42620381712913513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.41360506415367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.30373525619506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25864845514297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142462285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528140","display_name":"Viral load","level":3,"score":0.20967933535575867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.19947057962417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.1730947494506836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.09974458813667297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08158251643180847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000554","descriptor_name":"Ambulatory Care Facilities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014454","descriptor_name":"Uganda","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015983","descriptor_name":"Selection Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018579","descriptor_name":"Patient Selection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019380","descriptor_name":"Anti-HIV Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059012","descriptor_name":"Lost to Follow-Up","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/aje/kwr444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr444","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-pdf/175/10/1080/202022/kwr444.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2651027","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3353135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3353135","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3353135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Epidemiol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:22306557","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22306557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of epidemiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/aje/kwr444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr444","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/aje/article-pdf/175/10/1080/202022/kwr444.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3181090803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30AI027763","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332622","funder_display_name":"University of California, San Francisco"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3639747014","display_name":"Early Mortality in HIV Infected Patients Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in Afric","funder_award_id":"K23AI084544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4580303903","display_name":"Novel approaches to monitoring and utilizing adherence to HIV therapy in Africa","funder_award_id":"R01MH054907","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6419530638","display_name":"Mentoring Patient Oriented Adherence Research in Uganda","funder_award_id":"K24MH087227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8944401371","display_name":"Improving Early Identification of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in HIV Prevalent Se","funder_award_id":"K23AI094251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000078127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AI027763","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000897956","display_name":"East Africa International Epidemiology Database to evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Regional Consortium","funder_award_id":"U01AI069911","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000898549","display_name":"UCSF-Bay Area Center for AIDS Research","funder_award_id":"P30AI027763","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308349","display_name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/002pd6e78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326107","display_name":"Mbarara University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bkn5154"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332622","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332961","display_name":"School of Medicine, Indiana University","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337672","display_name":"School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2158531996.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2158531996.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8716957","https://openalex.org/W23122549","https://openalex.org/W1531725059","https://openalex.org/W1963861228","https://openalex.org/W1970926607","https://openalex.org/W1978209044","https://openalex.org/W1979214055","https://openalex.org/W1988896856","https://openalex.org/W1991622062","https://openalex.org/W1992615614","https://openalex.org/W1999408007","https://openalex.org/W2005296432","https://openalex.org/W2009187570","https://openalex.org/W2017793579","https://openalex.org/W2020198464","https://openalex.org/W2020673372","https://openalex.org/W2030978808","https://openalex.org/W2056440737","https://openalex.org/W2058369556","https://openalex.org/W2060521891","https://openalex.org/W2062594082","https://openalex.org/W2064871165","https://openalex.org/W2071066672","https://openalex.org/W2077053280","https://openalex.org/W2077618490","https://openalex.org/W2086606929","https://openalex.org/W2088037915","https://openalex.org/W2096254883","https://openalex.org/W2100358124","https://openalex.org/W2102062612","https://openalex.org/W2103873563","https://openalex.org/W2113002312","https://openalex.org/W2115709314","https://openalex.org/W2116729140","https://openalex.org/W2117740478","https://openalex.org/W2124801504","https://openalex.org/W2125953759","https://openalex.org/W2131080047","https://openalex.org/W2132567665","https://openalex.org/W2139894829","https://openalex.org/W2142495742","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2146499128","https://openalex.org/W2148093477","https://openalex.org/W2160610058","https://openalex.org/W2163477848","https://openalex.org/W2166004539","https://openalex.org/W2313309731","https://openalex.org/W2504770403","https://openalex.org/W4256578005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131080047","https://openalex.org/W2105590414","https://openalex.org/W1965963401","https://openalex.org/W4412491864","https://openalex.org/W3083451739","https://openalex.org/W2900456107","https://openalex.org/W2004576502","https://openalex.org/W7009710146","https://openalex.org/W3031116189","https://openalex.org/W1991622062"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"clinic-based":[1,177,206],"cohorts":[2],"are":[3,11,26],"most":[4],"representative":[5],"of":[6,22,33,55,72,85,100,156],"the":[7,20,31,91,97,112,136,145,149,170,187],"\"real":[8],"world,\"":[9],"they":[10],"susceptible":[12],"to":[13,15,24,29,59,95,110,129,161],"loss":[14,23],"follow-up.":[16],"Strategies":[17],"for":[18,115],"managing":[19],"impact":[21],"follow-up":[25,60,162],"therefore":[27],"needed":[28],"maximize":[30],"value":[32,99],"studies":[34],"conducted":[35,203],"in":[36,51,90,117,163,169,179,198,204],"these":[37],"cohorts.":[38],"The":[39],"authors":[40],"evaluated":[41],"adult":[42],"patients":[43,56,87],"starting":[44],"antiretroviral":[45],"therapy":[46],"at":[47,189],"an":[48],"HIV/AIDS":[49],"clinic":[50],"Uganda,":[52],"where":[53],"29%":[54],"were":[57,93,108],"lost":[58,86,160],"after":[61],"2":[62],"years":[63],"(January":[64],"1,":[65],"2004-September":[66],"30,":[67],"2007).":[68],"Unweighted,":[69],"inverse":[70],"probability":[71],"censoring":[73],"weighted":[74],"(IPCW),":[75],"and":[76,124,172,182],"sampling-based":[77,137,195],"approaches":[78],"(using":[79],"supplemental":[80],"data":[81],"from":[82],"a":[83,154,176],"sample":[84],"subsequently":[88],"tracked":[89],"community)":[92],"used":[94,109],"identify":[96],"predictive":[98],"sex":[101],"on":[102,186],"mortality.":[103],"Directed":[104],"acyclic":[105],"graphs":[106],"(DAGs)":[107],"explore":[111],"structural":[113],"basis":[114],"bias":[116,168],"each":[118],"approach.":[119],"Among":[120],"3,628":[121],"patients,":[122],"unweighted":[123,171,181],"IPCW":[125,173,183],"analyses":[126,202],"found":[127],"men":[128],"have":[130],"higher":[131],"mortality":[132],"than":[133],"women,":[134],"whereas":[135],"approach":[138,196],"did":[139],"not.":[140],"DAGs":[141],"encoding":[142],"knowledge":[143],"about":[144],"data-generating":[146],"process,":[147],"including":[148,208],"fact":[150],"that":[151],"death":[152],"is":[153],"cause":[155],"being":[157],"classified":[158],"as":[159],"this":[164],"setting,":[165],"revealed":[166],"\"collider\"":[167],"approaches.":[174],"In":[175],"cohort":[178],"Africa,":[180],"approaches-which":[184],"rely":[185],"\"missing":[188],"random\"":[190],"assumption-yielded":[191],"biased":[192],"estimates.":[193],"A":[194],"can":[197],"general":[199],"strengthen":[200],"epidemiologic":[201],"many":[205],"cohorts,":[207],"those":[209],"examining":[210],"other":[211],"diseases.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
