{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158267197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002785029004004","title":"The Optimal Level of Generosity in a Selfish, Uncertain Environment","display_name":"The Optimal Level of Generosity in a Selfish, Uncertain Environment","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158267197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002785029004004","mag":"2158267197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0022002785029004004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002785029004004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002785029004004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20177303","display_name":"Journal of Conflict Resolution","issn_l":"0022-0027","issn":["0022-0027","1552-8766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Conflict Resolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034926832","display_name":"Per Molander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3600-2995","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3600-2995"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Per Molander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034926832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":219,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96635587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"4","first_page":"611","last_page":"618"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.8877000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.8877000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.061900001019239426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.046300001442432404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tit-for-tat","display_name":"tit-for-tat","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterated-prisoner-s-dilemma","display_name":"iterated prisoner's dilemma","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperation","display_name":"cooperation","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"noise","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty","display_name":"uncertainty","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploitation-risk","display_name":"exploitation risk","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-game-theory","display_name":"evolutionary game theory","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779861158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549811","display_name":"Generosity","level":2,"score":0.9906927943229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.7800418138504028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140479938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5254619","display_name":"Iterated function","level":2,"score":0.7401043176651001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113494165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41693","display_name":"Prisoner's dilemma","level":3,"score":0.6590246558189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.47756296396255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187206662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55607920","display_name":"Social dilemma","level":2,"score":0.45412957668304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.43305543065071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.40778541564941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.37511032819747925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.356359601020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3450436592102051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.34330713748931885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3354044258594513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3324540853500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18738478422164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13928738236427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.12690940499305725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08334237337112427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0022002785029004004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002785029004004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002785029004004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20177303","display_name":"Journal of Conflict Resolution","issn_l":"0022-0027","issn":["0022-0027","1552-8766"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Conflict Resolution","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:jocore:v:29:y:1985:i:4:p:611-618","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022002785029004004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1946161921","https://openalex.org/W2062663664","https://openalex.org/W2107413137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130698617","https://openalex.org/W2000721955","https://openalex.org/W1521799936","https://openalex.org/W7097886596","https://openalex.org/W2001933761","https://openalex.org/W3142344057","https://openalex.org/W1853928705","https://openalex.org/W3107213126","https://openalex.org/W2146937638","https://openalex.org/W2121791528"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27],"tit-for-tat":[1],"strategy":[2],"in":[3,10],"iterated":[4],"prisoners'":[5],"dilemma":[6],"games":[7],"is":[8,16],"examined":[9],"the":[11,45,50],"presence":[12],"of":[13,47],"disturbances.":[14],"It":[15],"shown":[17],"that":[18],"performance":[19],"deteriorates":[20],"drastically":[21],"at":[22],"arbitrarily":[23],"low":[24],"noise":[25],"levels.":[26],"situation":[28],"may":[29,38],"be":[30,39],"remedied":[31],"by":[32,49],"introducing":[33],"some":[34],"unconditional":[35],"generosity.":[36],"This":[37],"done":[40],"without":[41],"exposing":[42],"oneself":[43],"to":[44],"risk":[46],"exploitation":[48],"other":[51],"party.":[52]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}