{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157680389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060077","title":"Expanding the Genetic Code of Escherichia coli","display_name":"Expanding the Genetic Code of Escherichia coli","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157680389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060077","mag":"2157680389","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1060077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100435960","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5859-2526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5859-2526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123431417","display_name":"Scripps Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dxx6824","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123431417"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123431417"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051043510","display_name":"Ansgar Brock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-3107","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-3107"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127128434","display_name":"Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/017136v53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127128434","https://openalex.org/I1283582996","https://openalex.org/I4210117619"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ansgar Brock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127128434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071118456","display_name":"Brad Herberich","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123431417","display_name":"Scripps Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dxx6824","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123431417"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brad Herberich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123431417"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066008654","display_name":"Peter G. Schultz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-1202","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-1202"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123431417","display_name":"Scripps Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dxx6824","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123431417"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127128434","display_name":"Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/017136v53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127128434","https://openalex.org/I1283582996","https://openalex.org/I4210117619"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter G. Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA","Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123431417"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127128434"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066008654"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123431417","https://openalex.org/I127128434"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.6785,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1495,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99645314,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"292","issue":"5516","first_page":"498","last_page":"500"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11445","display_name":"Origins and Evolution of Life","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11482","display_name":"RNA modifications and cancer","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-code-expansion","display_name":"genetic code expansion","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escherichia-coli","display_name":"Escherichia coli","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trna","display_name":"tRNA","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aminoacyl-trna-synthetase","display_name":"aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation-fidelity","display_name":"translation fidelity","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dihydrofolate-reductase","display_name":"dihydrofolate reductase","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unnatural-amino-acids","display_name":"unnatural amino acids","score":0.828000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10853874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180618","display_name":"Genetic code","level":3,"score":0.9402264356613159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153957851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201448","display_name":"Transfer RNA","level":4,"score":0.8698797225952148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547475151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419","display_name":"Escherichia coli","level":3,"score":0.8017281293869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.7922954559326172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779315393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415968","display_name":"Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase","level":5,"score":0.6079632043838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5455900430679321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5319756865501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781320022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417149","display_name":"Dihydrofolate reductase","level":3,"score":0.5149899125099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.5028411746025085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776165026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188017","display_name":"Tyrosine","level":2,"score":0.4982163906097412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910418148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415968","display_name":"Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases","level":5,"score":0.4781721234321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20580545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28354","display_name":"Stop codon","level":3,"score":0.4617709219455719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.4239763915538788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.3968289792537689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3439496159553528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.20873913168907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.11387321352958679}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000926","descriptor_name":"Anticodon","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003062","descriptor_name":"Codon","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003062","descriptor_name":"Codon","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004926","descriptor_name":"Escherichia coli","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005815","descriptor_name":"Genetic Code","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008781","descriptor_name":"Methyltyrosines","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009154","descriptor_name":"Mutation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012329","descriptor_name":"RNA, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012329","descriptor_name":"RNA, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012343","descriptor_name":"RNA, Transfer","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012343","descriptor_name":"RNA, Transfer","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012365","descriptor_name":"RNA, Transfer, Tyr","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012365","descriptor_name":"RNA, Transfer, Tyr","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013058","descriptor_name":"Mass Spectrometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013489","descriptor_name":"Suppression, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014169","descriptor_name":"Transformation, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014176","descriptor_name":"Protein Biosynthesis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014448","descriptor_name":"Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014448","descriptor_name":"Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014448","descriptor_name":"Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017017","descriptor_name":"Methanococcus","qualifier_ui":"Q000201","qualifier_name":"enzymology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017017","descriptor_name":"Methanococcus","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018388","descriptor_name":"Codon, Terminator","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046249","descriptor_name":"Transfer RNA Aminoacylation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.1060077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11313494","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.956.4439","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.956.4439","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/292/5516/498.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1912091390","https://openalex.org/W1951639553","https://openalex.org/W1963986378","https://openalex.org/W1968321828","https://openalex.org/W1975744163","https://openalex.org/W1977836925","https://openalex.org/W1981582209","https://openalex.org/W1982205639","https://openalex.org/W1984172964","https://openalex.org/W1994766031","https://openalex.org/W1998961698","https://openalex.org/W2011513747","https://openalex.org/W2053461052","https://openalex.org/W2055526411","https://openalex.org/W2064686464","https://openalex.org/W2067013502","https://openalex.org/W2085493075","https://openalex.org/W2088296562","https://openalex.org/W2096463178","https://openalex.org/W2145852946","https://openalex.org/W2164428680","https://openalex.org/W2168912171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072163663","https://openalex.org/W2034500175","https://openalex.org/W2095328296","https://openalex.org/W2123069065","https://openalex.org/W2102971391","https://openalex.org/W2106687445","https://openalex.org/W1974357725","https://openalex.org/W2588345894","https://openalex.org/W2146913917","https://openalex.org/W2148313902"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"unique":[1],"transfer":[2],"RNA":[3],"(tRNA)/aminoacyl-tRNA":[4],"synthetase":[5],"pair":[6,28],"has":[7],"been":[8],"generated":[9],"that":[10],"expands":[11],"the":[12,31,36,66,79,102],"number":[13],"of":[14,35,52,62,82,89],"genetically":[15],"encoded":[16],"amino":[17,38,68,90,105],"acids":[18,91],"in":[19,32,43,101],"Escherichia":[20],"coli.":[21],"When":[22],"introduced":[23],"into":[24,41],"E.":[25],"coli,":[26],"this":[27],"leads":[29],"to":[30,45,85],"vivo":[33],"incorporation":[34],"synthetic":[37],"acid":[39],"O-methyl-l-tyrosine":[40],"protein":[42],"response":[44],"an":[46],"amber":[47],"nonsense":[48],"codon.":[49],"The":[50],"fidelity":[51],"translation":[53],"is":[54],"greater":[55],"than":[56],"99%,":[57],"as":[58],"determined":[59],"by":[60],"analysis":[61],"dihydrofolate":[63],"reductase":[64],"containing":[65],"unnatural":[67],"acid.":[69],"This":[70],"approach":[71],"should":[72],"provide":[73],"a":[74,87],"general":[75],"method":[76],"for":[77],"increasing":[78],"genetic":[80],"repertoire":[81],"living":[83],"cells":[84],"include":[86],"variety":[88],"with":[92],"novel":[93],"structural,":[94],"chemical,":[95],"and":[96],"physical":[97],"properties":[98],"not":[99],"found":[100],"common":[103],"20":[104],"acids.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":59}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}