{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157488554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2009.161","title":"Fault-Tolerant Relay Node Placement in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"Fault-Tolerant Relay Node Placement in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157488554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2009.161","mag":"2157488554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2009.161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2009.161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2009.161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100655100","display_name":"Xiaofeng Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-7728","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-7728"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018360324","display_name":"Xiang Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7635-4767","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7635-4767","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8360-6934"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002602079","display_name":"Errol L. Lloyd","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E.L. Lloyd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111988402","display_name":"Chien-Chung Shen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chien-Chung Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.6246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":301,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99574967,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"5","first_page":"643","last_page":"656"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.006000000052154064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay-node-placement","display_name":"relay node placement","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"fault tolerance","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertex-disjoint-paths","display_name":"node-disjoint paths","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-vertex-connectivity","display_name":"k-vertex connectivity","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximation-algorithms","display_name":"approximation algorithms","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-connectivity","display_name":"network connectivity","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/np-hardness","display_name":"NP-hardness","score":0.6119999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.8298519849777222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.795564591884613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7390319108963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.7134487628936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7009353637695312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.6415292024612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5782762765884399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5354428887367249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4958089292049408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7091991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17149548","display_name":"Mobile wireless sensor network","level":5,"score":0.4765275716781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4575452208518982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.33684682846069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3285374343395233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.146662175655365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1293674111366272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0744192898273468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2009.161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2009.161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2009.161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308928","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309278","display_name":"Foundations' Fund for Research in Psychiatry","ror":"https://ror.org/01tbr1417"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525228936","https://openalex.org/W1982071711","https://openalex.org/W1996967579","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2052687843","https://openalex.org/W2069002708","https://openalex.org/W2069138465","https://openalex.org/W2085656540","https://openalex.org/W2109785846","https://openalex.org/W2115907477","https://openalex.org/W2134084427","https://openalex.org/W2142813502","https://openalex.org/W2149472588","https://openalex.org/W2150794496","https://openalex.org/W2178484001","https://openalex.org/W2766198272","https://openalex.org/W3143233598","https://openalex.org/W3149110984"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183568489","https://openalex.org/W2281869873","https://openalex.org/W2349510938","https://openalex.org/W4406753432","https://openalex.org/W2109673442","https://openalex.org/W1817488496","https://openalex.org/W1982071711","https://openalex.org/W2142813502","https://openalex.org/W2164743106","https://openalex.org/W41893314"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"work":[1],"on":[2,58],"placing":[3],"additional":[4],"relay":[5,35,74,85,100,106,117,194,248,263],"nodes":[6,20,36,52,86,101,118,188,195],"in":[7,45,157,170,181,288,301],"wireless":[8,18,47,159,167,178,304],"sensor":[9,19,48,51,98,131,140,160,187,305],"networks":[10,306],"to":[11,37,79,87,111,119,134],"improve":[12],"network":[13,43],"connectivity":[14,44],"typically":[15],"assumes":[16],"homogeneous":[17],"with":[21,41,221],"an":[22],"identical":[23],"transmission":[24,55,137,191,199],"radius.":[25],"In":[26],"contrast,":[27],"this":[28,201],"paper":[29,202],"addresses":[30],"the":[31,59,135,148,197,205,211,222,268,286],"problem":[32],"of":[33,61,84,97,116,130,139,150,154,207,214,225,232,272,313],"deploying":[34],"provide":[38],"fault":[39,63,215],"tolerance":[40,216],"higher":[42,289],"heterogeneous":[46,158,303],"networks,":[49,161],"where":[50],"possess":[53],"different":[54,136,152,190,212,223],"radii.":[56],"Depending":[57],"level":[60],"desired":[62],"tolerance,":[64],"such":[65],"problems":[66,143,208,234],"can":[67],"be":[68],"categorized":[69],"as:":[70],"1)":[71,91,123],"full":[72,261],"fault-tolerant":[73,105,247,262],"node":[75,107,249,264],"placement,":[76,108,250],"which":[77,109,166,177],"aims":[78,110],"deploy":[80,112],"a":[81,113,278],"minimum":[82,114,279],"number":[83,115],"establish":[88,120],"k(k":[89,121],"?":[90,122,308],"vertexdisjoint":[92],"paths":[93,125,156],"between":[94,127],"every":[95,128],"pair":[96,129],"and/or":[99],"and":[102,173,244,259,296],"2)":[103],"partial":[104,246],"vertex-disjoint":[124],"only":[126,182],"nodes.":[132],"Due":[133],"radii":[138],"nodes,":[141],"these":[142,233,294,314],"are":[144,316],"further":[145],"complicated":[146],"by":[147,210],"existence":[149],"two":[151],"kinds":[153],"communication":[155],"namely,":[162],"two-way":[163,245,260],"paths,":[164,175],"along":[165,176],"communications":[168,179],"exist":[169,180],"both":[171,242,257],"directions;":[172],"one-way":[174,243,258],"one":[183],"direction.":[184],"Assuming":[185],"that":[186],"have":[189],"radii,":[192],"while":[193],"use":[196],"same":[198],"radius,":[200],"comprehensively":[203],"analyzes":[204],"range":[206],"introduced":[209],"levels":[213],"(full":[217],"or":[218,228],"partial)":[219],"coupled":[220],"types":[224],"path":[226],"(one-way":[227],"two-way).":[229],"Since":[230],"each":[231],"is":[235,267],"NP-hard,":[236],"we":[237,291],"develop":[238],"O(?k2)-approximation":[239],"algorithms":[240,255,275,295,315],"for":[241,256,276],"as":[251,253],"well":[252],"O(?k3)-approximation":[254],"placement":[265],"(?":[266],"best":[269],"performance":[270,299],"ratio":[271],"existing":[273],"approximation":[274],"finding":[277],"k-vertex":[280],"connected":[281],"spanning":[282],"graph).":[283],"To":[284],"facilitate":[285],"applications":[287],"dimensions,":[290],"also":[292],"extend":[293],"derive":[297],"their":[298],"ratios":[300],"d-dimensional":[302],"(d":[307],"3).":[309],"Finally,":[310],"heuristic":[311],"implementations":[312],"evaluated":[317],"via":[318],"QualNet":[319],"simulations.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
