{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157444450","doi":null,"title":"Stochastic Neighbor Embedding","display_name":"Stochastic Neighbor Embedding","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157444450","mag":"2157444450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.13.7959","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.7959","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~roweis/papers/sne_final.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108093963","display_name":"Geoffrey E. Hinton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey E. Hinton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science; University of Toronto ; Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science; University of Toronto ; Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003010184","display_name":"Sam T. Roweis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sam T. Roweis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science; University of Toronto ; Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science; University of Toronto ; Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.8479,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1635,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98237853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"857","last_page":"864"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.8583999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.8583999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.05050000175833702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.02930000051856041,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-neighbor-embedding","display_name":"stochastic neighbor embedding","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"dimensionality reduction","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manifold-learning","display_name":"manifold learning","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-density","display_name":"Gaussian density","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-dimensional-data","display_name":"high-dimensional data","score":0.7110000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6576799154281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.648601770401001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.5553810596466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5371554493904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5251514911651611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5092133283615112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.4956907033920288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4741379916667938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4683505892753601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.4564644396305084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.42503973841667175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3976658582687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08569347858428955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.13.7959","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.7959","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~roweis/papers/sne_final.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.20.782","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.20.782","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~roweis/papers/snedraft.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.636.7562","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.636.7562","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.utoronto.ca/~hinton/absps/sne.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.77.293","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.77.293","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~roweis/papers/sne_final.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.897.5304","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.897.5304","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://papers.nips.cc/paper/2276-stochastic-neighbor-embedding.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2157444450","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.neurips.cc/paper/2002/file/6150ccc6069bea6b5716254057a194ef-Paper.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606243","display_name":"neural information processing systems","issn_l":"1049-5258","issn":["1049-5258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"Neural Information Processing Systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23758216","https://openalex.org/W1991848143","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2100659887","https://openalex.org/W2106346128","https://openalex.org/W2107636931","https://openalex.org/W2148694408","https://openalex.org/W2159174312"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2156718197","https://openalex.org/W2156287497","https://openalex.org/W2154872931","https://openalex.org/W2152825437","https://openalex.org/W2140221871","https://openalex.org/W2140095548","https://openalex.org/W2137570937","https://openalex.org/W2134312057","https://openalex.org/W2116516955","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2097308346","https://openalex.org/W2071128523","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W1993436046","https://openalex.org/W1875842236","https://openalex.org/W1742512077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"describe":[1],"a":[2,13,17,44],"probabilistic":[3],"approach":[4],"to":[5,42],"the":[6,31,35,49,53],"task":[7],"of":[8,52],"embedding":[9],"highdimensional":[10,32],"objects":[11],"into":[12],"low-dimensional":[14],"space":[15,33],"in":[16,30],"way":[18],"that":[19],"preserves":[20],"neighbor":[21],"identities.":[22],"A":[23],"Gaussian":[24,39],"is":[25],"centered":[26],"on":[27],"each":[28],"object":[29],"and":[34],"densities":[36],"under":[37],"this":[38],"are":[40],"used":[41],"define":[43],"probability":[45],"distribution":[46],"over":[47],"all":[48],"potential":[50],"neighbors":[51],"object.":[54]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":154},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":155},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":161},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":194},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":136},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":108},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":96},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":35}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}