{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157330901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.52.7.489","title":"Empirical evaluation of the influence of control selection schemes on relative risk estimation: the Welsh nickel workers study.","display_name":"Empirical evaluation of the influence of control selection schemes on relative risk estimation: the Welsh nickel workers study.","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157330901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.52.7.489","mag":"2157330901","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7670625","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1128269"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/oem.52.7.489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.52.7.489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.52.7.489","pdf_url":"https://oem.bmj.com/content/oemed/52/7/489.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S159252376","display_name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","issn_l":"0007-1072","issn":["0007-1072","1351-0711","1470-7926"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://oem.bmj.com/content/oemed/52/7/489.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017595492","display_name":"Alfredo Morabia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1902-0285","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1902-0285"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106256","display_name":"University Hospital of Geneva","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1pv723","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106256"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Morabia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Epidemiology Division, University Hospital of Canton, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Epidemiology Division, University Hospital of Canton, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"T Ten Have","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106256","display_name":"University Hospital of Geneva","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1pv723","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106256"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T Ten Have","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Epidemiology Division, University Hospital of Canton, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Epidemiology Division, University Hospital of Canton, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106256"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052609076","display_name":"John Richard Landis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8099-0988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8099-0988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106256","display_name":"University Hospital of Geneva","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1pv723","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106256"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J R Landis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Epidemiology Division, University Hospital of Canton, Geneva, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Epidemiology Division, University Hospital of Canton, Geneva, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106256"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106256"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.469,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70255817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"7","first_page":"489","last_page":"493"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10556","display_name":"Global Cancer Incidence and Screening","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11026","display_name":"Occupational and environmental lung diseases","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-selection","display_name":"control selection","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-risk-estimation","display_name":"relative risk estimation","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-control-study","display_name":"case-control study","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nested-case-control-study","display_name":"nested case-control study","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odds-ratio","display_name":"odds ratio","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel-exposure","display_name":"nickel exposure","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-cancer","display_name":"respiratory cancer","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nasal-cancer","display_name":"nasal cancer","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"lung cancer","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-exposure","display_name":"occupational exposure","score":0.5130000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.6290137767791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.600410521030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.5878236293792725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5778676271438599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.5496373176574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5443165302276611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.521994948387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5187380909919739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165617652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17071134","display_name":"Nested case-control study","level":3,"score":0.5016117095947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.4180499315261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3483039140701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26095134019851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2161063253879547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005500","descriptor_name":"Follow-Up Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009532","descriptor_name":"Nickel","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010255","descriptor_name":"Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016273","descriptor_name":"Occupational Exposure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/oem.52.7.489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.52.7.489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.52.7.489","pdf_url":"https://oem.bmj.com/content/oemed/52/7/489.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S159252376","display_name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","issn_l":"0007-1072","issn":["0007-1072","1351-0711","1470-7926"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1128269","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1128269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Occup Environ Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:7670625","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7670625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Occupational and environmental medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/oem.52.7.489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.52.7.489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.52.7.489","pdf_url":"https://oem.bmj.com/content/oemed/52/7/489.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S159252376","display_name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","issn_l":"0007-1072","issn":["0007-1072","1351-0711","1470-7926"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2157330901.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2157330901.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67356013","https://openalex.org/W1574677842","https://openalex.org/W1915610983","https://openalex.org/W1937305967","https://openalex.org/W1943930181","https://openalex.org/W2005526508","https://openalex.org/W2019882196","https://openalex.org/W2023250530","https://openalex.org/W2053301665","https://openalex.org/W2065569658","https://openalex.org/W2095935112","https://openalex.org/W2162529136","https://openalex.org/W2165384760","https://openalex.org/W2165719451","https://openalex.org/W2287851705","https://openalex.org/W2338256280","https://openalex.org/W2408934613","https://openalex.org/W2612251064","https://openalex.org/W2724744060","https://openalex.org/W2796537448","https://openalex.org/W4205436151","https://openalex.org/W4293874313","https://openalex.org/W6656521932","https://openalex.org/W6676380867","https://openalex.org/W7039612861"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118617167","https://openalex.org/W2158538124","https://openalex.org/W6908160843","https://openalex.org/W7098989285","https://openalex.org/W2162529136","https://openalex.org/W2300378954","https://openalex.org/W4386758002","https://openalex.org/W2303067655","https://openalex.org/W7163999218","https://openalex.org/W2050516433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"perform":[2],"an":[3],"empirical":[4,165],"evaluation":[5],"of":[6,30,48,51,61,69,94,104,157,189,196,199],"the":[7,36,49,120,130,141,150,158,168,171,174,193],"theory":[8,169,185],"that":[9,25,65,170],"relative":[10,15],"incidence":[11,71],"rate":[12],"(RIR)":[13],"and":[14,73,78,106,198],"risk":[16,103,122,142],"(RR)":[17],"can":[18,176],"be":[19,177],"directly":[20],"estimated":[21,83,128,179],"from":[22,35,115,192],"case-control":[23,46,181],"studies":[24],"have":[26],"different":[27],"sampling":[28],"schemes":[29],"controls.":[31,95],"METHODS:":[32],"With":[33],"data":[34],"South":[37],"Wales":[38],"nickel":[39,52,113],"refinery":[40],"workers":[41,110],"(SWNRW)":[42],"study,":[43],"a":[44,155],"nested":[45],"study":[47,159],"relation":[50],"exposure":[53,197],"to":[54,112,117,137,167],"respiratory":[55],"cancers,":[56],"was":[57,126,146],"conducted":[58],"within":[59],"each":[60],"four":[62],"fixed":[63],"subcohorts":[64],"differed":[66],"for":[67],"stability":[68,194],"exposure,":[70],"rates":[72],"RIR.":[74],"Odds":[75],"ratios":[76],"(ORs)":[77],"confidence":[79],"intervals":[80],"(CIs)":[81],"were":[82,99,134,154],"either":[84],"with":[85,90,149],"all":[86],"available":[87],"controls":[88,133,153],"or":[89,173],"randomly":[91],"sampled":[92],"subsets":[93],"RESULTS:":[96],"Respiratory":[97],"cancers":[98],"not":[100],"rare":[101],"as":[102],"nasal":[105],"lung":[107],"cancer":[108],"in":[109,180],"unexposed":[111],"varied":[114],"15%":[116],"26%":[118],"over":[119],"full":[121],"period.":[123,143],"The":[124,144],"RIR":[125,172],"adequately":[127],"by":[129],"OR":[131,151],"when":[132,152],"identified":[135],"concurrently":[136],"case":[138],"occurrence":[139],"throughout":[140],"RR":[145,175],"well":[147],"approximated":[148],"sample":[156],"base.":[160],"CONCLUSIONS:":[161],"These":[162],"results":[163],"add":[164],"support":[166],"validly":[178],"studies.":[182],"Overall,":[183],"this":[184],"is":[186],"relatively":[187],"tolerant":[188],"large":[190],"departures":[191],"assumptions":[195],"incidence.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}