{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157308673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.3.1455","title":"Epistasis and its contribution to genetic variance components.","display_name":"Epistasis and its contribution to genetic variance components.","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157308673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.3.1455","mag":"2157308673","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7768453","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1206471"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/genetics/139.3.1455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.3.1455","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.3.1455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65932378","display_name":"Genetics","issn_l":"0016-6731","issn":["0016-6731","1943-2631"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2157308673"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1206471","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087500022","display_name":"James M. Cheverud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-863X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-863X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J M Cheverud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064378251","display_name":"Eric J. Routman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4839-995X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4839-995X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E J Routman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri 631 10"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri 631 10","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"],"apc_list":{"value":4477,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4477},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2836,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":519,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9526555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"139","issue":"3","first_page":"1455","last_page":"1461"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.5874000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.5874000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10594","display_name":"Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock","score":0.17090000212192535,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11468","display_name":"Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals","score":0.13179999589920044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistasis","display_name":"epistasis","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-variance-components","display_name":"genetic variance components","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-genetic-variance","display_name":"additive genetic variance","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance-variance","display_name":"dominance variance","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantitative-trait-loci","display_name":"quantitative trait loci","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolution-by-natural-selection","display_name":"evolution by natural selection","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61727976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751748","display_name":"Epistasis","level":3,"score":0.980138897895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84597430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106227","display_name":"Locus (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.6207091808319092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9287583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532883","display_name":"Genetic architecture","level":4,"score":0.5204941630363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5155456066131592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106934330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971873","display_name":"Trait","level":2,"score":0.48890891671180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81941488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853421","display_name":"Quantitative trait locus","level":3,"score":0.4761398136615753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.43607813119888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.43582695722579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4093483090400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.3599855303764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.3571934700012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3230046033859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1454184651374817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.12048953771591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001835","descriptor_name":"Body Weight","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004843","descriptor_name":"Epistasis, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005819","descriptor_name":"Genetic Markers","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006579","descriptor_name":"Heterozygote","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006720","descriptor_name":"Homozygote","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014644","descriptor_name":"Genetic Variation","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/genetics/139.3.1455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.3.1455","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.3.1455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65932378","display_name":"Genetics","issn_l":"0016-6731","issn":["0016-6731","1943-2631"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:320950","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1206471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:7768453","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7768453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1206471","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1206471/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:320950","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1206471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48437218","https://openalex.org/W199779170","https://openalex.org/W1904144572","https://openalex.org/W1916564097","https://openalex.org/W1942547768","https://openalex.org/W1963287187","https://openalex.org/W1987018437","https://openalex.org/W2013288408","https://openalex.org/W2019074681","https://openalex.org/W2036942421","https://openalex.org/W2045457895","https://openalex.org/W2053990481","https://openalex.org/W2071290308","https://openalex.org/W2090000755","https://openalex.org/W2097560173","https://openalex.org/W2098499635","https://openalex.org/W2135922397","https://openalex.org/W2139435769","https://openalex.org/W2140625794","https://openalex.org/W2141088880","https://openalex.org/W2151429583","https://openalex.org/W2157669324","https://openalex.org/W2160991571","https://openalex.org/W2163065030","https://openalex.org/W2171134995","https://openalex.org/W2324408160","https://openalex.org/W2325327568","https://openalex.org/W2464212557"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2326992782","https://openalex.org/W4247652521","https://openalex.org/W1497649388","https://openalex.org/W4285125302","https://openalex.org/W414212412","https://openalex.org/W6906448673","https://openalex.org/W2621605644","https://openalex.org/W2952522917","https://openalex.org/W2408906772"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2],"new":[3],"parameterization":[4,43,92],"of":[5,12,29,36,52,68,87,93,98,101],"physiological":[6],"epistasis":[7,13,49,69,94,102],"that":[8],"allows":[9,95],"the":[10,19,27,34,37,71,99,110],"measurement":[11],"separate":[14],"from":[15,33,61],"its":[16,107],"effects":[17],"on":[18],"interaction":[20,75],"(epistatic)":[21],"genetic":[22,76,112],"variance":[23,89],"component.":[24],"Epistasis":[25,80],"is":[26],"deviation":[28],"two-locus":[30,53],"genotypic":[31,40,54],"values":[32,55],"sum":[35],"contributing":[38],"single-locus":[39],"values.":[41],"This":[42,91],"leads":[44],"to":[45,70,85,109],"statistical":[46],"tests":[47],"for":[48],"given":[50],"estimates":[51],"such":[56],"as":[57],"can":[58,81],"be":[59],"obtained":[60],"quantitative":[62],"trait":[63],"locus":[64],"studies.":[65],"The":[66],"contributions":[67,84],"additive,":[72],"dominance":[73],"and":[74],"variances":[77],"are":[78],"specified.":[79],"make":[82],"substantial":[83],"each":[86],"these":[88],"components.":[90],"general":[96],"consideration":[97],"role":[100],"in":[103],"evolution":[104],"by":[105],"defining":[106],"contribution":[108],"additive":[111],"variance.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}