{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157255852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.53.1.75","title":"Racial Profiling and Police Subculture","display_name":"Racial Profiling and Police Subculture","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157255852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.53.1.75","mag":"2157255852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3138/cjccj.53.1.75","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.53.1.75","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.53.1.75","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170138","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice p\u00e9nale","issn_l":"1707-7753","issn":["1707-7753","1911-0219"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030539904","display_name":"Janet B. L. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-957X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-957X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Janet Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030539904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0369,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97802507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"1","first_page":"75","last_page":"78"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-profiling","display_name":"racial profiling","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-subculture","display_name":"police subculture","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-discretion","display_name":"police discretion","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination","display_name":"racial discrimination","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-bias","display_name":"cognitive biases","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereotyping","display_name":"stereotyping","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-practices","display_name":"organizational practices","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-legitimacy","display_name":"police legitimacy","score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trust-in-police","display_name":"trust in police","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-minorities","display_name":"visible minorities","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities-in-policing","display_name":"racial disparities in policing","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-community-relations","display_name":"police-community relations","score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-oversight","display_name":"police oversight","score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-culture","display_name":"police culture","score":0.9710000157356262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776248220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1850662","display_name":"Racial profiling","level":3,"score":0.8714045286178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87863119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842756","display_name":"Subculture (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7113291025161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6601787805557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5839382410049438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3965660333633423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3912392258644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.21722787618637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.1983700394630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16338273882865906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3138/cjccj.53.1.75","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.53.1.75","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.53.1.75","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170138","display_name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice p\u00e9nale","issn_l":"1707-7753","issn":["1707-7753","1911-0219"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/414625","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/50/article/414625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W657361736","https://openalex.org/W1982929215","https://openalex.org/W2030093585","https://openalex.org/W2035417665","https://openalex.org/W2076902772","https://openalex.org/W2098028917","https://openalex.org/W2102550271","https://openalex.org/W2109059761","https://openalex.org/W2139596087","https://openalex.org/W2153281446","https://openalex.org/W2319040003","https://openalex.org/W2505044119","https://openalex.org/W2528365369","https://openalex.org/W3021791984","https://openalex.org/W4239242082","https://openalex.org/W4255876503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029705676","https://openalex.org/W4312710506","https://openalex.org/W2109059761","https://openalex.org/W7024178775","https://openalex.org/W7098105728","https://openalex.org/W1994952227","https://openalex.org/W3036463630","https://openalex.org/W425930908","https://openalex.org/W6966467757","https://openalex.org/W3049344588"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Racial":[0],"profiling":[445],"is":[2,75,104,115,170,180,216,238,269,356,381,448,591],"the":[564],"practice":[4,361],"of":[5,51,101,128,140,147,161,166,176,189,234,249,261,284,350,387,397,406,418,468,492,500,542,575],"subjecting":[6],"citizens":[7],"to":[8,76,106,124,131,137,144,199,227,231,240,271,275,412,505,533,558,570,580],"increased":[9],"surveillance":[10],"or":[11,16,99,254,359,364,414],"scrutiny":[12],"based":[13,343],"on":[14,35,344],"racial":[15,60,110,132,162,195,235,267,312,379,540],"ethic":[17,351],"factors":[18],"rather":[19],"than":[20],"reasonable":[21],"suspicion.":[22],"The":[23,422,560],"current":[24],"debate":[25],"(Satzewich":[26,594],"and":[27,31,44,66,121,143,153,178,211,220,280,296,300,324,326,337,370,373,472,487,494,510,513,536,595],"Shaffir":[28,45,374,514,596],"2009;":[29],"Henry":[30,65],"Tator":[32,67],"2011)":[33],"focuses":[34],"whether":[36,242,255,557],"intention":[37,100,165],"matters":[38],"in":[39,83,205,218,225,314,384,403,477,521],"considering":[40],"racial-profiling":[41],"practices.":[42,264],"Satzewich":[43,219,372,512],"(2009)":[46,222,515],"argue":[47],"that":[48,72,94,96,109,362,378,431,453,457,503,518,538,550,563,577,588],"intentions":[50],"policing":[52,168,480],"agents":[53],"are":[54,246,257,496],"an":[55,172,357],"important":[56,239],"consideration":[57],"for":[58,86],"understanding":[59],"profiling.":[61],"In":[62,265],"their":[63,398,522,589],"rejoinder,":[64],"(2011)":[68],"invoke":[69],"principle":[71],"racism/racial":[73],"be":[77,340,410,506],"judged":[78],"primarily":[79],"by":[80,286],"its":[81],"consequences":[82],"creating":[84],"inequality":[85],"certain":[87,262,469],"groups":[471],"(66);":[89],"they":[90,256,551],"cite":[91],"case":[92],"law":[93],"recognizes":[95],"motivation":[98],"perpetrator":[103],"irrelevant":[105],"judgement":[108],"discrimination":[111,415],"has":[112],"occurred.":[113],"It":[114],"clear":[116],"that,":[117,224],"given":[118],"power":[120],"discretion":[122],"available":[123],"police,":[125],"experience":[127,192],"being":[129,141,251],"subject":[130],"can":[134,197,317,339],"lead":[135,198],"both":[136],"a":[138,145,186,229,388,450,573],"feeling":[139],"harassed":[142],"sense":[146,175],"alienation":[148],"from":[149,526],"legal":[151],"system":[152],"wider":[155],"society":[156],"(Glover":[157],"2008).":[158],"For":[159],"victims":[160],"profiling,":[163,236],"agent":[169],"not":[171,366],"issue;":[173],"injustice":[177],"insecurity":[179],"what":[432],"stays":[182],"with":[183,428,585],"them.":[184],"Over":[185],"long":[187],"period":[188],"time,":[190],"negative":[191],"such":[193,243,474],"as":[194,395,435,441,498,531],"specific":[200],"ethnic":[201,470,527],"groups'":[202],"losing":[203],"confidence":[204],"police":[207,287,315,389,392,429,439,459,501,519,534,569],"(cf.,":[208],"Bradford,":[209],"Jackson,":[210],"Stanko":[212],"2009).":[213,302],"Nevertheless,":[214],"there":[215],"merit":[217],"Shaffir's":[221],"argument":[223],"order":[226],"find":[228],"solution":[230],"problem":[233],"it":[237,400],"determine":[241],"discriminatory":[244],"practices":[245],"result":[248,260],"officers'":[250],"racially":[252,436,592],"prejudiced":[253],"unintended":[259],"organizational":[263,358],"practice,":[266],"difficult":[270],"prove.":[272],"Empirical":[273],"studies":[274],"distinguish":[276],"between":[277],"improper":[279],"proper":[282],"use":[283,473],"race":[285],"have":[288,424],"yielded":[289],"mixed":[290],"results":[291],"(see,":[292,482],"e.g.,":[293,483],"Alpert,":[294],"Dunham,":[295],"Smith":[297],"2007;":[298],"Antonovics":[299],"Knight":[301],"Alpert":[303],"et":[304],"al.":[305],"(2007)":[306],"describe":[307],"three":[308],"mechanisms":[309],"through":[310,319,321,327,426],"which":[311],"disparities":[313],"treatment":[316],"happen:":[318],"prejudice,":[320],"cognitive":[322,335],"bias":[323,336],"stereotyping,":[325],"race-based":[328,354],"deployment.":[329],"While":[330],"prejudice":[331,413],"involves":[332],"conscious":[333],"intent,":[334],"stereotyping":[338],"unconscious":[341],"biases":[342],"false":[345],"assumptions":[346],"about":[347],"criminality":[349,467],"groups,":[352],"while":[353],"deployment":[355],"local":[360],"may":[363,365,409],"involve":[367],"individual":[368],"intent":[369],"consciousness.":[371],"(2009:":[375],"200-201)":[376],"suggest":[377,562],"best":[382],"understood":[383],"context":[386],"subculture":[390],"where":[391],"regard":[393],"part":[396],"work;":[399],"occurs":[401],"even":[402],"absence":[405],"officers":[407,430,460,520,525],"who":[408],"inclined":[411],"against":[416],"members":[417],"visible":[419],"minorities":[420],"(201).":[421,446],"authors":[423,561],"demonstrated":[425],"interviews":[427],"critics":[433],"label":[434],"motivated":[593],"practices,":[438],"view":[440],"sound,":[442],"work-related":[443],"criminal":[444],"There":[447],"certainly":[449],"vast":[451],"literature":[452],"supports":[454],"finding":[456],"street-level":[458],"often":[461],"form":[462],"stereotypical":[463],"opinions":[464],"abut":[465],"visual":[475],"cues":[476],"routine,":[478],"proactive":[479],"work":[481,535],"Ericson":[484],"1982;":[485],"Bayley":[486],"Mendelsohn":[488],"1969).":[489],"These":[490],"ways":[491],"seeing":[493],"acting":[495],"regarded":[497],"features":[499],"(sub)culture":[502],"appear":[504],"common":[507],"across":[508],"space":[509],"time.":[511],"provide":[516],"evidence":[517],"study":[523],"(even":[524],"minorities)":[528],"saw":[529],"integral":[532],"admitted":[537],"appearance":[541],"citizen":[544],"was":[545],"one":[546],"factor":[547],"among":[548],"others":[549],"took":[552],"into":[553],"account":[554],"when":[555,583],"deciding":[556],"intervene.":[559],"occupational":[565],"culture":[566],"enables":[567],"draw":[571],"upon":[572],"vocabulary":[574],"explanations":[576],"permit[s]":[578],"them":[579],"deny":[581],"responsibility":[582],"faced":[584],"allegation":[587],"2009:":[597],"211).":[598],"\u2026":[599]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
