{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157138205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948902200203","title":"On Learning \u2026 More or Less","display_name":"On Learning \u2026 More or Less","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157138205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948902200203","mag":"2157138205","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2644390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/002221948902200203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948902200203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948902200203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26220619","display_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","issn_l":"0022-2194","issn":["0022-2194","1469-0047","1538-4780","2047-6108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054349463","display_name":"Stephen J. Ceci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-9707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-9707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen J. Ceci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stephen J. Ceci is a professor of developmental psychology at Cornell University. He received his PhD from the University of Exeter in 1978 and has been at the Department of Human Development at Cornell since 1980. He is the recipient of the National Institute of Health's Research Career Development Award and a member of five editorial boards. He is a fellow of three divisions of the American Psychological Association and received several awards from that organization. He has published approximately 75","Stephen J. Ceci is a professor of developmental psychology at Cornell University. He received his PhD from the University of Exeter in 1978 and has been at the Department of Human Development at Cornell since 1980. He is the recipient of the National Institute of Health's Research Career Development Award and a member of five editorial boards. He is a fellow of three divisions of the American Psychological Association and received several awards from that organization. He has published approximately 75 articles, chapters, and commentaries as well as four edited volumes and a single-authored book"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stephen J. Ceci is a professor of developmental psychology at Cornell University. He received his PhD from the University of Exeter in 1978 and has been at the Department of Human Development at Cornell since 1980. He is the recipient of the National Institute of Health's Research Career Development Award and a member of five editorial boards. He is a fellow of three divisions of the American Psychological Association and received several awards from that organization. He has published approximately 75","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stephen J. Ceci is a professor of developmental psychology at Cornell University. He received his PhD from the University of Exeter in 1978 and has been at the Department of Human Development at Cornell since 1980. He is the recipient of the National Institute of Health's Research Career Development Award and a member of five editorial boards. He is a fellow of three divisions of the American Psychological Association and received several awards from that organization. He has published approximately 75 articles, chapters, and commentaries as well as four edited volumes and a single-authored book","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011932601","display_name":"Jacquelyn G. Baker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacquelyn G. Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jacquelyn G. Baker is a graduate student at Cornell and has published seven articles and chapters on the topic of learning disabilities. Recently, she received the Creativity Research Fund's dissertation award for her work on individual differences in processing and their relationship to creativity. Address: Stephen J. Ceci, Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jacquelyn G. Baker is a graduate student at Cornell and has published seven articles and chapters on the topic of learning disabilities. Recently, she received the Creativity Research Fund's dissertation award for her work on individual differences in processing and their relationship to creativity. Address: Stephen J. Ceci, Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Martha Van Rensselaer Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.128,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9375,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"90","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-disabilities","display_name":"learning disabilities","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"knowledge base","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"encoding","score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-processes","display_name":"cognitive processes","score":0.4690000116825104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7202112674713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.5669721961021423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.39919599890708923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.37080347537994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.367032527923584}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004777","descriptor_name":"Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/002221948902200203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948902200203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948902200203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26220619","display_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","issn_l":"0022-2194","issn":["0022-2194","1469-0047","1538-4780","2047-6108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:2644390","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2644390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of learning disabilities","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582594879","https://openalex.org/W1887906836","https://openalex.org/W1965500762","https://openalex.org/W1967880962","https://openalex.org/W1980569795","https://openalex.org/W1998175067","https://openalex.org/W2031132359","https://openalex.org/W2062965576","https://openalex.org/W2087530000","https://openalex.org/W2088178177","https://openalex.org/W2121811559","https://openalex.org/W2888882506"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244879966","https://openalex.org/W4232684680","https://openalex.org/W4241678552","https://openalex.org/W7221139202","https://openalex.org/W2113505695","https://openalex.org/W2039083310","https://openalex.org/W4213189640","https://openalex.org/W2050756013","https://openalex.org/W2591159001","https://openalex.org/W250432249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"authors":[1],"review":[2],"the":[3,21,43,55,67,76,104,116,120,126],"last":[4],"decade":[5],"of":[6,42,59,87,119],"their":[7],"research":[8],"on":[9,103],"learning":[10,35,92,123],"disabilities":[11,36,93],"and":[12,66,69,106,125],"conclude":[13],"that":[14,81,128],"knowledge":[15,49],"x":[16,18],"process":[17,97],"context":[19],"is":[20,37,79],"most":[22],"useful":[23],"way":[24],"to":[25,32,73],"think":[26],"about":[27,115],"children's":[28],"cognitive":[29,96],"difficulties.":[30],"According":[31],"this":[33,82],"framework,":[34],"seen":[38],"as":[39,64],"a":[40,46,95],"result":[41],"interplay":[44],"between":[45],"poorly":[47],"elaborated":[48],"base":[50],"(especially":[51],"in":[52],"language-related":[53],"domains),":[54],"biologically":[56],"determined":[57],"efficiencies":[58],"various":[60],"microlevel":[61],"processes":[62],"such":[63],"encoding,":[65],"physical":[68],"social":[70],"meaning":[71],"attached":[72],"performance":[74],"(i.e,":[75],"context).":[77],"It":[78,109],"suggested":[80],"framework":[83],"helps":[84],"explain":[85],"instances":[86],"asymmetry":[88],"wherein":[89],"children":[90,130],"with":[91],"deploy":[94],"more":[98],"or":[99],"less":[100],"efficiently,":[101],"depending":[102],"material":[105],"task":[107],"demands.":[108],"also":[110],"raises":[111],"several":[112],"interesting":[113],"questions":[114],"presumed":[117],"\"specificity\"":[118],"impairment":[121],"underlying":[122],"disablement":[124],"possibility":[127],"these":[129],"may":[131],"not":[132],"differ":[133],"qualitatively":[134],"from":[135],"nonimpaired":[136],"peers,":[137],"only":[138],"quantitatively.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}