{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157019572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1993.9941151","title":"Motivational Effects on Test Scores of Elementary Students","display_name":"Motivational Effects on Test Scores of Elementary Students","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157019572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1993.9941151","mag":"2157019572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/00220671.1993.9941151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1993.9941151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1993.9941151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54795217","display_name":"The Journal of Educational Research","issn_l":"0022-0671","issn":["0022-0671","1940-0675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Educational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016474477","display_name":"Steven M. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-3686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-3686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27639287","display_name":"Northeastern Illinois University","ror":"https://ror.org/04edns687","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27639287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven M. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern Illinois University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern Illinois University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27639287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064045936","display_name":"Herbert J. Walberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herbert J. Walberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1428,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89362757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"86","issue":"3","first_page":"133","last_page":"136"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12848","display_name":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-taking-motivation","display_name":"test-taking motivation","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-testing","display_name":"standardized testing","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-achievement","display_name":"mathematics achievement","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iowa-tests-of-basic-skills","display_name":"Iowa Tests of Basic Skills","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-classrooms","display_name":"heterogeneous classrooms","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elementary-school-students","display_name":"elementary school students","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-self-regulation","display_name":"student self-regulation","score":0.3409999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7141063213348389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6939643025398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122048520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2913954","display_name":"Percentile","level":2,"score":0.6484473943710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5807120203971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94353045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13200112","display_name":"Percentile rank","level":3,"score":0.5063716173171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81369262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6165531","display_name":"Achievement test","level":3,"score":0.45388418436050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017523755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18189","display_name":"Grade level","level":2,"score":0.45182910561561584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.38536539673805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203151758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3244907","display_name":"Standardized test","level":2,"score":0.3522603213787079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2967921793460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2396952211856842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/00220671.1993.9941151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1993.9941151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1993.9941151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54795217","display_name":"The Journal of Educational Research","issn_l":"0022-0671","issn":["0022-0671","1940-0675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Educational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.975600004196167,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized Controlled Trial"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W248583409","https://openalex.org/W644502463","https://openalex.org/W1600912621","https://openalex.org/W1722910258","https://openalex.org/W2039050929","https://openalex.org/W2076107250","https://openalex.org/W2103504444","https://openalex.org/W2314250799","https://openalex.org/W4254930221"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765335286","https://openalex.org/W226544304","https://openalex.org/W63089501","https://openalex.org/W79272519","https://openalex.org/W1872419980","https://openalex.org/W2006528219","https://openalex.org/W1524254342","https://openalex.org/W6926739204","https://openalex.org/W2594159254","https://openalex.org/W2055313345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"total":[1],"of":[2,74,80],"406":[3],"heterogeneously":[4],"grouped":[5],"students":[6,52,65],"in":[7,15,88],"Grades":[8],"3,":[9],"4,":[10],"6,":[11],"7,":[12],"and":[13,33,46,95,97,112,114],"8":[14,19],"three":[16,84],"K":[17],"through":[18],"Chicago":[20],"public":[21],"schools":[22,85],"were":[23],"assigned":[24],"randomly":[25],"to":[26,36,147],"two":[27],"conditions,":[28],"ordinary":[29],"standardized-test":[30],"instructions":[31,55,138],"(control)":[32],"special":[34,54,137],"instructions,":[35],"do":[37],"as":[38,40],"well":[39],"possible":[41],"for":[42],"themselves,":[43],"their":[44,47],"parents,":[45],"teachers":[48],"(experimental).":[49],"On":[50],"average,":[51],"given":[53],"did":[56,66,100],"significantly":[57,87,118],"better":[58],"(p":[59,90,119],"<":[60,91,120],".01)":[61],"than":[62],"the":[63,68,71,75,136,140,145,148],"control":[64],"on":[67],"criterion":[69],"measure,":[70],"mathematics":[72],"section":[73],"commonly":[76],"used":[77],"Iowa":[78],"Test":[79],"Basic":[81],"Skills.":[82],"The":[83,104,124],"differed":[86,117],"achievement":[89],".05),":[92],"but":[93,116],"girls":[94],"boys":[96,113],"grade":[98,110],"levels":[99,111],"not":[101],"differ":[102],"measurably.":[103],"motivational":[105],"effect":[106,126],"was":[107,127],"constant":[108],"across":[109,122],"girls,":[115],".05)":[121],"schools.":[123],"average":[125],"moderately":[128],"large,":[129],".303":[130],"standard":[131],"deviations,":[132],"which":[133],"implies":[134],"that":[135],"raise":[139],"typical":[141],"student's":[142],"scores":[143],"from":[144],"50th":[146],"62nd":[149],"percentile.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}