{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2156939748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys018","title":"Burden of disease, health indicators and challenges for epidemiology in North America","display_name":"Burden of disease, health indicators and challenges for epidemiology in North America","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2156939748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys018","mag":"2156939748","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22407862"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ije/dys018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13389975","display_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0300-5771","issn":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060218878","display_name":"Amy Toporowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2161-7339","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2161-7339"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Toporowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I5023651","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049252472","display_name":"Sam B. Harper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2767-1053","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2767-1053"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Harper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I5023651","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047029537","display_name":"Rebecca Fuhrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4504-1637","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4504-1637"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Fuhrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I5023651","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065584113","display_name":"Patricia A. Buffler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. A. Buffler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I5023651","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109219885","display_name":"Roger Detels","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Detels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I5023651","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078276438","display_name":"Nancy Krieger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-5947","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-5947"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Krieger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I5023651","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085271447","display_name":"Eduardo Luis Franco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4409-8084","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4409-8084"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E. L. Franco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A2, 2 School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 3 School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA and 4 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I5023651","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085271447"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765","https://openalex.org/I5023651","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":{"value":3423,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4514},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7141,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8333785,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"2","first_page":"540","last_page":"556"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14043","display_name":"Historical and modern epidemiology studies","score":0.7627000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14043","display_name":"Historical and modern epidemiology studies","score":0.7627000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12041","display_name":"Public Health Policies and Education","score":0.0966000035405159,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.05090000107884407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-burden","display_name":"disease burden","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-indicators","display_name":"health indicators","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-deprivation","display_name":"socioeconomic deprivation","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-and-ethnic-disparities","display_name":"racial and ethnic disparities","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aboriginal-health","display_name":"Aboriginal health","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-expectancy","display_name":"life expectancy","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preventive-services","display_name":"preventive services","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-determinants-of-health","display_name":"social determinants of health","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-funding","display_name":"research funding","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-promotion-for-older-adults","display_name":"health promotion for older adults","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/north-america","display_name":"North America","score":0.5709999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.7381713390350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133925201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188419","display_name":"Life expectancy","level":3,"score":0.7160838842391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.6235208511352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.5347973704338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29719523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551096","display_name":"Social epidemiology","level":4,"score":0.5285434126853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78491826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045352","display_name":"Social determinants of health","level":3,"score":0.5211941599845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.49674731492996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4738215208053589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4637380838394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.4627181887626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.45869842171669006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4426400363445282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46578552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725393","display_name":"Global health","level":3,"score":0.4317416548728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3661002814769745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3627784848213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3559545874595642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.2725941240787506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2683221697807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11008349061012268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006292","descriptor_name":"Health Priorities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006305","descriptor_name":"Health Status Indicators","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009017","descriptor_name":"Morbidity","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009026","descriptor_name":"Mortality","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009656","descriptor_name":"North America","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011159","descriptor_name":"Population Surveillance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054625","descriptor_name":"Healthcare Disparities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057191","descriptor_name":"Capacity Building","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ije/dys018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13389975","display_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0300-5771","issn":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22407862","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22407862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of epidemiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.864.8789","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.864.8789","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/2/540.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.870.1145","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.870.1145","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/08/ije.dys018.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:intjepid:41/2/540","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/41/2/540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W141144177","https://openalex.org/W181072695","https://openalex.org/W243825050","https://openalex.org/W307512328","https://openalex.org/W311390918","https://openalex.org/W573413312","https://openalex.org/W639065895","https://openalex.org/W1509609699","https://openalex.org/W1515473298","https://openalex.org/W1553430005","https://openalex.org/W1564173202","https://openalex.org/W1627766864","https://openalex.org/W1715326565","https://openalex.org/W1966700224","https://openalex.org/W1976343694","https://openalex.org/W1983045700","https://openalex.org/W1999394983","https://openalex.org/W2011733013","https://openalex.org/W2016200537","https://openalex.org/W2024517143","https://openalex.org/W2034094022","https://openalex.org/W2057372992","https://openalex.org/W2079331857","https://openalex.org/W2089592080","https://openalex.org/W2092773519","https://openalex.org/W2100422074","https://openalex.org/W2101392140","https://openalex.org/W2106863226","https://openalex.org/W2108707337","https://openalex.org/W2111628008","https://openalex.org/W2121888218","https://openalex.org/W2128093712","https://openalex.org/W2128248134","https://openalex.org/W2129459410","https://openalex.org/W2129681452","https://openalex.org/W2130917370","https://openalex.org/W2135112419","https://openalex.org/W2136213832","https://openalex.org/W2138696311","https://openalex.org/W2146063238","https://openalex.org/W2148192077","https://openalex.org/W2148321890","https://openalex.org/W2151901868","https://openalex.org/W2154197652","https://openalex.org/W2154572939","https://openalex.org/W2155845082","https://openalex.org/W2157096064","https://openalex.org/W2159631156","https://openalex.org/W2187303099","https://openalex.org/W2220135569","https://openalex.org/W2400842612","https://openalex.org/W2476093037","https://openalex.org/W2489502026","https://openalex.org/W2492859907","https://openalex.org/W2620503899","https://openalex.org/W2769776540","https://openalex.org/W2917855832","https://openalex.org/W2917939414","https://openalex.org/W3083225435","https://openalex.org/W4241432804","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6940332560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100319348","https://openalex.org/W2096451203","https://openalex.org/W2145036172","https://openalex.org/W943481239","https://openalex.org/W4390965380","https://openalex.org/W2082992676","https://openalex.org/W1641854855","https://openalex.org/W2122672378","https://openalex.org/W4389679246","https://openalex.org/W7206453060"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Commissioned":[1],"by":[2,24,101,154],"the":[3,21,35,45,52,104,134,144,172,187,196,207,230,251,266,275],"International":[4],"Epidemiological":[5],"Association,":[6],"this":[7],"article":[8],"is":[9,131,191],"part":[10],"of":[11,16,72,87,229,247,284],"a":[12,85,125,175,192,227,309],"series":[13],"on":[14,94,279],"burden":[15],"disease,":[17],"health":[18,46,68,83,280],"indicators":[19,163],"and":[20,40,48,57,70,98,109,159,168,203,209,222,224,250,257,262,282,286,301,303],"challenges":[22,239,298],"faced":[23],"epidemiologists":[25,102,214,243],"in":[26,37,51,82,103,117,143,147,162,171,183,195,206,219,254,265,270,288,293,299,306,311],"bringing":[27],"their":[28,38],"discoveries":[29],"to":[30,34,66,256],"provide":[31,225],"equitable":[32],"benefit":[33,258],"populations":[36],"regions":[39],"globally.":[41],"This":[42],"report":[43],"covers":[44],"status":[47],"epidemiological":[49,95,294],"capacity":[50,96],"North":[53,212,241],"American":[54,213,242],"region":[55],"(USA":[56],"Canada).":[58],"METHODS:":[59],"We":[60,79,90],"assessed":[61],"data":[62],"from":[63,259],"country-specific":[64],"sources":[65],"identify":[67],"priorities":[69],"areas":[71],"greatest":[73],"need":[74,276],"for":[75,149,165,240,277],"modifiable":[76],"risk":[77,169],"factors.":[78],"examined":[80],"inequalities":[81,180,253],"as":[84],"function":[86],"social":[88,179,245],"deprivation.":[89],"also":[91,181,273],"reviewed":[92],"information":[93],"building":[97],"scientific":[99,232],"contributions":[100,218],"region.":[105],"FINDINGS:":[106],"The":[107,268,291],"USA":[108,145],"Canada":[110,148],"enjoy":[111],"technologically":[112],"advanced":[113],"healthcare":[114],"systems":[115],"that,":[116],"principle,":[118],"prioritize":[119],"preventive":[120,260],"services.":[121],"Both":[122],"countries":[123],"experience":[124],"life":[126,271],"expectancy":[127,272],"at":[128],"birth":[129],"that":[130],"higher":[132],"than":[133,146],"global":[135,231],"mean.":[136],"Health":[137],"indicator":[138],"measures":[139],"are":[140],"consistently":[141],"worse":[142],"many":[150,166,199],"outcomes,":[151],"although":[152],"typically":[153],"only":[155],"marginal":[156],"amounts.":[157],"Socio-economic":[158],"racial/ethnic":[160],"disparities":[161],"exist":[164,182],"diseases":[167],"factors":[170],"USA.":[173,267],"To":[174],"lesser":[176],"extent,":[177],"these":[178],"Canada,":[184],"particularly":[185,264],"among":[186],"Aboriginal":[188],"populations.":[189],"Epidemiology":[190],"well-established":[193],"discipline":[194],"region,":[197],"with":[198,308],"degree-granting":[200],"schools,":[201],"societies":[202],"job":[204],"opportunities":[205],"public":[208],"private":[210],"sectors.":[211],"have":[215],"made":[216],"important":[217],"disease":[220,248,285],"control":[221],"prevention":[223,283],"nearly":[226],"third":[228],"output":[233],"via":[234],"published":[235],"papers.":[236],"CONCLUSIONS:":[237],"Critical":[238],"include":[244],"determinants":[246],"distribution":[249],"underlying":[252],"access":[255],"services":[261],"healthcare,":[263],"gains":[269],"underscore":[274],"research":[278,312],"promotion":[281],"disability":[287],"older":[289],"adults.":[290],"diversity":[292],"subspecialties":[295],"poses":[296],"new":[297],"training":[300],"accreditation":[302],"has":[304],"occurred":[305],"parallel":[307],"decrease":[310],"funding.":[313]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}