{"id":"https://openalex.org/W215634355","doi":null,"title":"Improving the Predictive Validity of the Implicit Association Test","display_name":"Improving the Predictive Validity of the Implicit Association Test","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W215634355","mag":"215634355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:215634355","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-164638530/improving-the-predictive-validity-of-the-implicit","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88263524","display_name":"North American journal of psychology","issn_l":"1527-7143","issn":["1527-7143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"North American journal of psychology","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043584926","display_name":"Jeremy D. Heider","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy D. Heider","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019055211","display_name":"John J. Skowronski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3582-9743","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3582-9743"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John J. Skowronski","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3582-9743","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5761,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9691521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"53","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implicit-association-test","display_name":"Implicit Association Test","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-validity","display_name":"predictive validity","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-attitudes","display_name":"racial attitudes","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implicit-attitudes","display_name":"implicit attitudes","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explicit-attitudes","display_name":"explicit attitudes","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisoner-s-dilemma","display_name":"prisoner's dilemma","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitude-accessibility","display_name":"attitude accessibility","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attitude-behavior-relationship","display_name":"attitude-behavior relationship","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interracial-contact","display_name":"interracial contact","score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interracial-friendship","display_name":"interracial friendship","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interracial-marriage","display_name":"interracial marriage","score":0.35600000619888306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779778163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774081","display_name":"Implicit-association test","level":2,"score":0.9026368856430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8673791885375977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204421591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007271","display_name":"Implicit attitude","level":2,"score":0.7566479444503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.6274214386940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81444415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243535","display_name":"Priming (agriculture)","level":3,"score":0.5458283424377441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5285702347755432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5126966238021851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3398064374923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100701293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193838","display_name":"Germination","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:215634355","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-164638530/improving-the-predictive-validity-of-the-implicit","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88263524","display_name":"North American journal of psychology","issn_l":"1527-7143","issn":["1527-7143"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"North American journal of psychology","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963805448","https://openalex.org/W1965412817","https://openalex.org/W1972394084","https://openalex.org/W1976501219","https://openalex.org/W1982186270","https://openalex.org/W2009887813","https://openalex.org/W2011894839","https://openalex.org/W2024168339","https://openalex.org/W2036335035","https://openalex.org/W2054788835","https://openalex.org/W2098098526","https://openalex.org/W2106421465","https://openalex.org/W2113544991","https://openalex.org/W2120625009","https://openalex.org/W2136162107","https://openalex.org/W2140534852","https://openalex.org/W2162173963","https://openalex.org/W2166061111"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W304902309","https://openalex.org/W2987229480","https://openalex.org/W2009887813","https://openalex.org/W2110777095","https://openalex.org/W3123715638","https://openalex.org/W7221513574","https://openalex.org/W2625236709","https://openalex.org/W4385296615","https://openalex.org/W2118161574","https://openalex.org/W4390305739"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"experiments":[1,110],"examined":[2],"the":[3,37,40,44,61,87,103,124,156,162,178,224,269,272,284,299,353,438,470,512,520,523,526,543,564,575],"extent":[4],"to":[5,73,98,186,192,206,212,296,309,326,357,362,376,420,585],"which":[6],"implicit":[7,130,159,233,450,533],"(Implicit":[8],"Association":[9,164],"Test":[10],"[IAT])":[11],"and":[12,39,77,105,116,126,201,316,319,332,346,369,372,383,492,502,547],"explicit":[13],"(Pro-Black/Anti-Black":[14],"Attitudes":[15],"Questionnaire":[16],"[PAAQ])":[17],"measures":[18,132,160,234],"of":[19,25,43,65,83,129,155,223,250,268,313,329,342,350,366,380,428,433,519,522,539,545,561,574],"racial":[20],"attitudes":[21],"predicted":[22,46,63,81],"social":[23],"behaviors":[24,67,85],"Caucasian":[26,70,496,501],"participants":[27,497],"toward":[28,48,69,86],"African":[29,50,74,88,503,527,568],"American":[30,51,75,89,504,528,569],"targets.":[31],"Experiment":[32,57],"1":[33],"showed":[34,59],"that":[35,60,78,180,195,215,280,403,472,508],"both":[36,109,311,364,378,500],"IAT":[38,62,167,174,273,285,300,439,513],"Pro-Black":[41,79],"subscale":[42],"PAAQ":[45],"behavior":[47,436],"an":[49,314,330,367,381,567],"partner":[52],"in":[53,108,188,198,208,218,407,423],"a":[54,189,209,248,320,373,401,480,559],"Prisoner's":[55],"Dilemma.":[56],"2":[58],"friendliness":[64,82],"nonverbal":[66],"directed":[68],"confederates":[71],"relative":[72,430],"confederates,":[76],"scores":[80],"verbal":[84],"confederates.":[90],"Importantly,":[91],"these":[92],"results":[93,397],"could":[94],"not":[95],"be":[96,307,324,421,554],"attributed":[97],"heightened":[99],"attitude":[100,104,131,409,576],"accessibility":[101],"because":[102,427],"behavioral":[106],"assessments":[107],"were":[111,514],"separated":[112],"by":[113,278,288],"one":[114,303,359],"week":[115],"counterbalanced.":[117],"The":[118,173,221],"past":[119],"two":[120,193,213],"decades":[121],"have":[122],"seen":[123],"development":[125],"widespread":[127],"use":[128,358],"(for":[133,479],"examples,":[134],"see":[135,482],"Dovidio,":[136],"Kawakami,":[137],"&":[138,142,146,151,170,241,255,260,264,393,458,467,486],"Gaertner,":[139],"2002;":[140],"Fazio":[141],"Olson,":[143],"2003;":[144],"Nosek":[145],"Banaji,":[147,152,261,487],"2001;":[148,262],"Nosek,":[149,265],"Greenwald,":[150,391,485],"2005).":[153],"One":[154],"most":[157],"popular":[158],"is":[161,175,337],"Implicit":[163],"Test,":[165],"or":[166],"(Greenwald,":[168],"McGhee,":[169],"Schwartz,":[171,394],"1998).":[172],"based":[176],"on":[177,271,283,298,511],"idea":[179],"individuals":[181,292,356],"should":[182,202],"find":[183,203,293],"it":[184,204,294,446],"easy":[185],"respond":[187,207,297],"similar":[190,197,210],"manner":[191,211],"concepts":[194,214],"are":[196,216,550],"evaluative":[199,219,236,453],"connotation,":[200],"difficult":[205,339],"dissimilar":[217],"connotation.":[220],"reliability":[222],"IAT,":[225],"as":[226,228],"well":[227],"its":[229,276,429],"convergence":[230],"with":[231,462,499,517,525,537,556,566],"other":[232,408,449],"(e.g.,":[235,252,452,465],"priming;":[237,454],"Fazio,":[238,455],"Jackson,":[239],"Dunton,":[240],"Williams,":[242],"1995),":[243],"has":[244,274,404,440,447,473],"been":[245,441],"established":[246],"through":[247],"number":[249,560],"investigations":[251],"Bosson,":[253],"Swann,":[254],"Pennebaker,":[256],"2000;":[257],"Cunningham,":[258],"Preacher,":[259],"Greenwald":[263],"2001).":[266],"Much":[267],"research":[270],"explored":[275],"validity":[277],"showing":[279],"response":[281,304,344,360],"latencies":[282],"vary":[286],"sensibly":[287],"known-groups.":[289],"For":[290,489],"example,":[291,490],"easier":[295],"task":[301,354],"when":[302,352],"key":[305,322,361,375],"must":[306,323,553],"used":[308,325],"indicate":[310,327,363],"identifiers":[312,328,365,379],"in-group":[315,368,399,417,434],"positive":[317,384],"words,":[318],"second":[321,374],"out-group":[331],"negative":[333,370],"words.":[334],"Conversely,":[335],"responding":[336],"more":[338],"(in":[340],"terms":[341],"increased":[343],"latency":[345],"possibly":[347],"greater":[348],"commission":[349],"errors)":[351],"asks":[355],"words":[371,385],"identify":[377],"outgroup":[382],"(Greenwald":[386],"et":[387],"al.,":[388],"1998;":[389],"Rudman,":[390],"Mellott,":[392],"1999).":[395],"Such":[396,416],"reflect":[398],"favoritism,":[400],"result":[402],"powerfully":[405],"emerged":[406],"studies":[410],"(see":[411],"Brewer,":[412],"1979;":[413],"Hamilton,":[414],"1976).":[415],"favoritism":[418,435],"ought":[419],"reflected":[422],"behavior.":[424],"However,":[425,461],"perhaps":[426],"newness,":[431],"prediction":[432],"using":[437],"studied":[442],"less":[443],"extensively":[444],"than":[445],"for":[448,558],"techniques":[451],"Sanbonmatsu,":[456],"Powell,":[457],"Kardes,":[459],"1986).":[460],"minor":[463],"exceptions":[464],"Karpinski":[466],"Hilton,":[468],"2001),":[469],"evidence":[471],"accumulated":[474],"thus":[475],"far":[476],"seems":[477],"promising":[478],"review,":[481],"Poehlman,":[483],"Uhlmann,":[484],"2006).":[488],"McConnell":[491,546],"Leibold":[493,548],"(2001)":[494,549],"had":[495],"interact":[498],"experimenters.":[505],"Results":[506],"indicated":[507],"pro-Caucasian":[509],"biases":[510],"negatively":[515],"correlated":[516,536],"ratings":[518],"quality":[521],"interactions":[524],"experimenter.":[529],"That":[530],"is,":[531],"high":[532],"prejudice":[534],"was":[535,581],"perceptions":[538],"lower-quality":[540],"interactions.":[541],"Although":[542],"findings":[544],"promising,":[551],"they":[552],"interpreted":[555],"caution":[557],"reasons.":[562],"First,":[563],"interaction":[565],"occurred":[570],"immediately":[571],"after":[572],"completion":[573],"measures,":[577],"whose":[578],"race-related":[579],"purpose":[580],"almost":[582],"certainly":[583],"apparent":[584],"participants.":[586],"\u2026":[587]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}