{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2156305960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","title":"Hallmarks of human \u201cimmunosenescence\u201d: adaptation or dysregulation?","display_name":"Hallmarks of human \u201cimmunosenescence\u201d: adaptation or dysregulation?","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2156305960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","mag":"2156305960","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22830639","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3416738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","pdf_url":"https://immunityageing.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183475463","display_name":"Immunity & Ageing","issn_l":"1742-4933","issn":["1742-4933"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Immunity &amp; Ageing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://immunityageing.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027331206","display_name":"Graham Pawelec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-0163","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-0163"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Graham Pawelec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Medical Research, University of T\u00fcbingen Medical School, Waldh\u00f6rnlestr, 22, T\u00fcbingen, D-72072, Germany. graham.pawelec@uni-tuebingen.de","Center for Medical Research, University of T\u00fcbingen Medical School,, Waldh\u00f6rnlestr. 22, D-72072, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Medical Research, University of T\u00fcbingen Medical School, Waldh\u00f6rnlestr, 22, T\u00fcbingen, D-72072, Germany. graham.pawelec@uni-tuebingen.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Medical Research, University of T\u00fcbingen Medical School,, Waldh\u00f6rnlestr. 22, D-72072, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027331206"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":268,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"15","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10031","display_name":"T-cell and B-cell Immunology","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13410","display_name":"Immune responses and vaccinations","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10676","display_name":"Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1302","display_name":"Aging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunosenescence","display_name":"immunosenescence","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thymic-involution","display_name":"thymic involution","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-t-cells","display_name":"naive T cells","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd8-t-cells","display_name":"CD8+ T cells","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-t-cells","display_name":"memory T cells","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogen-exposure","display_name":"pathogen exposure","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hygiene-hypothesis","display_name":"hygiene hypothesis","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-immunity","display_name":"adaptive immunity","score":0.6639999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779056147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660191","display_name":"Immunosenescence","level":3,"score":0.9839026927947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.6393790245056152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193419808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645075","display_name":"Acquired immune system","level":3,"score":0.5457770228385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777314012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7799617","display_name":"Thymic involution","level":4,"score":0.5340219140052795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.53401118516922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.48732051253318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.45659172534942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167672396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417800","display_name":"CD8","level":3,"score":0.4470616281032562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.44703686237335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781409172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17056802","display_name":"Involution (esoterism)","level":3,"score":0.41336360573768616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125370674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527480","display_name":"Stressor","level":2,"score":0.41197049617767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193529","display_name":"T cell","level":3,"score":0.3976873457431793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.19669824838638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","pdf_url":"https://immunityageing.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183475463","display_name":"Immunity & Ageing","issn_l":"1742-4933","issn":["1742-4933"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Immunity &amp; Ageing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3416738","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3416738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Immun Ageing","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:22830639","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22830639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Immunity & ageing : I & A","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e81ceb352fd2441595f222ca6dd10b7b","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e81ceb352fd2441595f222ca6dd10b7b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Immunity & Ageing, Vol 9, Iss 1, p 15 (2012)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","pdf_url":"https://immunityageing.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1742-4933-9-15","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183475463","display_name":"Immunity & Ageing","issn_l":"1742-4933","issn":["1742-4933"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Immunity &amp; Ageing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4362762845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PA 361/14-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4488772809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DFG PA 361/14-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5302664221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FP7259679","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5984585972","display_name":"Integrated research on DEvelopmental determinants of Aging and Longevity","funder_award_id":"259679","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7578079922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"/14-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2156305960.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2156305960.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494364449","https://openalex.org/W1906284818","https://openalex.org/W1971373225","https://openalex.org/W2007570291","https://openalex.org/W2020381478","https://openalex.org/W2020931454","https://openalex.org/W2030716499","https://openalex.org/W2031041877","https://openalex.org/W2040699631","https://openalex.org/W2068493773","https://openalex.org/W2071843907","https://openalex.org/W2077977710","https://openalex.org/W2080808232","https://openalex.org/W2085838568","https://openalex.org/W2091252761","https://openalex.org/W2094290243","https://openalex.org/W2108221650","https://openalex.org/W2115027745","https://openalex.org/W2117975451","https://openalex.org/W2132466754","https://openalex.org/W2135879492","https://openalex.org/W2136465127","https://openalex.org/W2144106727","https://openalex.org/W2153840275","https://openalex.org/W2162961904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137533815","https://openalex.org/W2073111551","https://openalex.org/W2046307471","https://openalex.org/W2330282066","https://openalex.org/W2009043082","https://openalex.org/W2067651471","https://openalex.org/W1981560461","https://openalex.org/W2780540593","https://openalex.org/W2602932123","https://openalex.org/W2142515355"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Is":[0],"immunosenescence":[1,38,132,194],"an":[2,12],"intrinsic":[3,170],"ageing":[4],"process":[5],"leading":[6],"to":[7,18,87,113,115,144,185,198],"dysregulation":[8],"of":[9,15,37,43,54,70,72,75,92,104,131,140,158,206],"immunity":[10],"or":[11],"adaptive":[13,93],"response":[14],"the":[16,33,64,68,73,90,102,109,120,138,141,155,207],"individual":[17],"pathogen":[19],"exposure?":[20],"Age-associated":[21],"differences":[22],"in":[23,99,151,165,176,192],"bone":[24],"marrow":[25],"immune":[26],"cell":[27,122],"output":[28],"and":[29,41,52,84,182,195],"thymic":[30],"involution":[31,96],"suggest":[32,63],"former.":[34],"Accepted":[35],"hallmarks":[36,130],"(decreased":[39],"numbers":[40],"percentages":[42],"peripheral":[44],"na\u00efve":[45,76,121],"T":[46,56],"cells,":[47,51,57,89],"especially":[48,58],"CD8":[49],"+":[50],"accumulations":[53],"memory":[55,88],"late-stage":[59],"differentiated":[60],"CD8+":[61],"cells)":[62],"latter,":[65],"viewed":[66],"as":[67],"result":[69,191],"depletion":[71],"reservoir":[74],"cells":[77,106],"over":[78],"time":[79],"by":[80,137],"contact":[81],"with":[82],"pathogens":[83],"their":[85,187],"conversion":[86],"basis":[91],"immunity.":[94],"Thymic":[95],"beginning":[97],"early":[98],"life":[100],"limits":[101],"generation":[103],"naive":[105],"such":[107,180],"that":[108,150],"adult":[110],"is":[111],"believed":[112],"rely":[114],"a":[116],"great":[117],"extent":[118],"on":[119,211],"pool":[123],"produced":[124],"mostly":[125],"before":[126],"puberty.":[127],"Thus,":[128],"these":[129],"would":[133,147,161],"be":[134,148,162,173],"markedly":[135],"affected":[136],"history":[139],"individual\u00b4s":[142],"exposure":[143],"pathogens.":[145],"It":[146],"predicted":[149],"modern":[152],"industrialized":[153],"populations,":[154],"cumulative":[156],"effects":[157],"antigenic":[159],"\"stressors\"":[160],"lower":[163],"than":[164],"less":[166],"hygienic":[167],"societies,":[168],"whereas":[169],"processes":[171],"might":[172],"more":[174],"similar":[175],"different":[177],"populations.":[178],"Identifying":[179],"stressors":[181],"taking":[183],"steps":[184],"nullify":[186],"impact":[188],"could":[189],"therefore":[190],"delayed":[193],"contribute":[196],"significantly":[197],"improving":[199],"public":[200],"health.":[201],"Here,":[202],"I":[203],"discuss":[204],"some":[205],"available":[208],"data":[209],"bearing":[210],"this":[212],"prediction.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
