{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2156287141","doi":null,"title":"Intake of carrots, spinach, and supplements containing vitamin A in relation to risk of breast cancer.","display_name":"Intake of carrots, spinach, and supplements containing vitamin A in relation to risk of breast cancer.","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2156287141","mag":"2156287141","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9367061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:9367061","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9367061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090383900","display_name":"Matthew P. Longnecker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6073-5322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6073-5322"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095140","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M P Longnecker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095140"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049975246","display_name":"Polly A. Newcomb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8786-0043","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8786-0043"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089486","display_name":"Fred Hutch Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/007ps6h72","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P A Newcomb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108385262","display_name":"Robert L. Mittendorf","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R Mittendorf","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago (  )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago (  )","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111714166","display_name":"E. Robert Greenberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E R Greenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["(Dartmouth College)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"(Dartmouth College)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083991449","display_name":"Walter Churchill Willett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-7597","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-7597"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W C Willett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2255,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9162817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"11","first_page":"887","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10866","display_name":"Nutritional Studies and Diet","score":0.7914999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10866","display_name":"Nutritional Studies and Diet","score":0.7914999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10445","display_name":"Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress","score":0.12710000574588776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12103","display_name":"Cancer Risks and Factors","score":0.0674000009894371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer-risk","display_name":"breast cancer risk","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrot","display_name":"carrot","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinach","display_name":"spinach","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vitamin-a","display_name":"vitamin A","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-carotene","display_name":"beta-carotene","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-consumption","display_name":"dietary intake","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-supplements","display_name":"dietary supplements","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fruit-and-vegetable-intake","display_name":"fruit and vegetable intake","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-prevention","display_name":"cancer prevention","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protective-effect","display_name":"protective effect","score":0.4729999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780054949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1421117","display_name":"Spinach","level":2,"score":0.7458829283714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.6552780866622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.6408395767211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6376041173934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5932270884513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.5080749988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4740835428237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.47110942006111145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.46690231561660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780022331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199678","display_name":"Vitamin C","level":2,"score":0.4642648696899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779668873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693756","display_name":"Lower risk","level":3,"score":0.4250795841217041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776940978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34956","display_name":"Vitamin","level":2,"score":0.4100404679775238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.37012535333633423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.35565340518951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2537447214126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.18508490920066833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.076447993516922}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004034","descriptor_name":"Diet Surveys","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014801","descriptor_name":"Vitamin A","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016017","descriptor_name":"Odds Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018552","descriptor_name":"Daucus carota","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018724","descriptor_name":"Spinacia oleracea","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019207","descriptor_name":"beta Carotene","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019587","descriptor_name":"Dietary Supplements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:9367061","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9367061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2156287141","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9367061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4266544309","display_name":"HORMONES, LIFESTYLE AND BREAST CANCER","funder_award_id":"R01CA047305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8602476127","display_name":"Medications, Genetic Variability & Breast Cancer","funder_award_id":"R01CA047147","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48636600","https://openalex.org/W101817539","https://openalex.org/W168608477","https://openalex.org/W1014770726","https://openalex.org/W1846302294","https://openalex.org/W1922107972","https://openalex.org/W1957902237","https://openalex.org/W2005704491","https://openalex.org/W2012364792","https://openalex.org/W2020042832","https://openalex.org/W2029031357","https://openalex.org/W2045884601","https://openalex.org/W2053468040","https://openalex.org/W2053654073","https://openalex.org/W2071772324","https://openalex.org/W2076429988","https://openalex.org/W2080913628","https://openalex.org/W2080915919","https://openalex.org/W2108581685","https://openalex.org/W2117564433","https://openalex.org/W2123449729","https://openalex.org/W2126472654","https://openalex.org/W2129312458","https://openalex.org/W2154666720","https://openalex.org/W2156421260","https://openalex.org/W2163961348","https://openalex.org/W2166260158","https://openalex.org/W2224820565","https://openalex.org/W2261270094","https://openalex.org/W2273310125","https://openalex.org/W2317242858"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111973875","https://openalex.org/W2071772324","https://openalex.org/W2042250355","https://openalex.org/W2168259823","https://openalex.org/W1986461341","https://openalex.org/W2117564433","https://openalex.org/W2089667588","https://openalex.org/W1986858623","https://openalex.org/W2152814590","https://openalex.org/W2126472654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intake":[0],"of":[1,15,29,49,93,101,121,142,148],"fruits,":[2],"vegetables,":[3],"vitamin":[4,32,103],"A,":[5,33],"and":[6,31,41,59,72,109,144,146],"related":[7],"compounds":[8],"are":[9,24],"associated":[10,88],"with":[11,84,89,156],"a":[12,45,157,164],"decreased":[13],"risk":[14,52,118,147],"breast":[16,50,149],"cancer":[17,51],"in":[18,44,54,61,117,160],"some":[19],"studies,":[20],"but":[21],"additional":[22],"data":[23,68,124],"needed.":[25],"To":[26],"estimate":[27],"intake":[28,100,141],"beta-carotene":[30],"the":[34,136],"authors":[35],"included":[36],"nine":[37],"questions":[38],"on":[39],"food":[40],"supplement":[42],"use":[43],"population-based":[46],"case-control":[47],"study":[48],"conducted":[53],"Maine,":[55],"Massachusetts,":[56],"New":[57],"Hampshire,":[58],"Wisconsin":[60],"1988-1991.":[62],"Multivariate-adjusted":[63],"models":[64],"were":[65],"fit":[66],"to":[67,129],"for":[69,135],"3543":[70],"cases":[71],"9406":[73],"controls.":[74],"Eating":[75],"carrots":[76,143],"or":[77,114],"spinach":[78,145],"more":[79],"than":[80],"twice":[81],"weekly,":[82],"compared":[83],"no":[85,112],"intake,":[86],"was":[87],"an":[90],"odds":[91],"ratio":[92],"0.56":[94],"(95%":[95],"confidence":[96],"interval":[97],"0.34-0.91).":[98],"Estimated":[99],"preformed":[102],"A":[104],"from":[105],"all":[106],"evaluated":[107],"foods":[108,162],"supplements":[110],"showed":[111],"trend":[113],"monotonic":[115],"decrease":[116],"across":[119],"categories":[120],"intake.":[122],"These":[123],"do":[125],"not":[126],"allow":[127],"us":[128],"distinguish":[130],"among":[131],"several":[132],"potential":[133],"explanations":[134],"protective":[137,166],"association":[138],"observed":[139],"between":[140],"cancer.":[150],"The":[151],"findings":[152],"are,":[153],"however,":[154],"consistent":[155],"diet":[158],"rich":[159],"these":[161],"having":[163],"modest":[165],"effect.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-02T09:45:03.842371","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}