{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2155977673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","title":"Freedom and Sharing in the Global Network Society: Digital Resources and Artificial Scarcity","display_name":"Freedom and Sharing in the Global Network Society: Digital Resources and Artificial Scarcity","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2155977673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","mag":"2155977673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52249826","display_name":"E-Learning and Digital Media","issn_l":"1741-8887","issn":["1741-8887","2042-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"E-Learning and Digital Media","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084063746","display_name":"Tere Vad\u00e9n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9076-719X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9076-719X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153886","display_name":"University of Tampere","ror":"https://ror.org/05p6qqk79","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4387153886"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tere Vad\u00e9n","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153886"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020532107","display_name":"Marko Ulvila","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153886","display_name":"University of Tampere","ror":"https://ror.org/05p6qqk79","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4387153886"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marko Ulvila","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153886"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029730526","display_name":"Maarit M\u00e4kinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8267-6981","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8267-6981"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153886","display_name":"University of Tampere","ror":"https://ror.org/05p6qqk79","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4387153886"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarit M\u00e4kinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153886"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071854855","display_name":"Tiina-Riitta Rantanen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153886","display_name":"University of Tampere","ror":"https://ror.org/05p6qqk79","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4387153886"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiina-Riitta Rantanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153886"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028423781","display_name":"Niklas Vainio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6249-5569","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6249-5569"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153886","display_name":"University of Tampere","ror":"https://ror.org/05p6qqk79","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4387153886"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niklas Vainio","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153886"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153886"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36929716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"265","last_page":"270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13066","display_name":"Information Society and Technology Trends","score":0.8428000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13066","display_name":"Information Society and Technology Trends","score":0.8428000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13081","display_name":"Digital Education and Society","score":0.026599999517202377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12171","display_name":"Open Education and E-Learning","score":0.01899999938905239,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freedom","display_name":"freedom","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sharing","display_name":"sharing","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-resources","display_name":"electronic resources","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-scarcity","display_name":"artificial scarcity","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-commons","display_name":"digital commons","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-access","display_name":"digital access","score":0.44999998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.8275730013847351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.40886878967285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.383373886346817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34366220235824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3402179777622223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20723462104797363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1018838882446289}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52249826","display_name":"E-Learning and Digital Media","issn_l":"1741-8887","issn":["1741-8887","2042-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"E-Learning and Digital Media","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2304/elea.2006.3.3.265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52249826","display_name":"E-Learning and Digital Media","issn_l":"1741-8887","issn":["1741-8887","2042-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"E-Learning and Digital Media","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2155977673.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2155977673.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567404157","https://openalex.org/W1606999530","https://openalex.org/W1810582528","https://openalex.org/W1963638233","https://openalex.org/W2053120142","https://openalex.org/W2078999764","https://openalex.org/W2081857447","https://openalex.org/W2136399511","https://openalex.org/W2155410209","https://openalex.org/W2798731500","https://openalex.org/W4212778472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097455102","https://openalex.org/W2559859312","https://openalex.org/W2766957880","https://openalex.org/W1573691217","https://openalex.org/W7134465098","https://openalex.org/W2611150549","https://openalex.org/W2937192550","https://openalex.org/W2034422865","https://openalex.org/W334442105","https://openalex.org/W6990433609"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Promise":[1],"and":[2,21,27,103,112,163,203,208,250,254,285,338,356,364,388,410,426],"the":[3,23,34,42,71,116,119,125,138,143,164,172,178,186,194,227,234,257,266,312,320,325,352,367,374,408,415,431,439,446,452,455],"ProblemsThe":[4],"profusion":[5],"of":[6,16,25,54,73,101,122,140,151,154,166,189,200,210,226,238,260,322,328,348,376,391,400,441,454],"digital":[7,74,84,96,130,144,269,329,331,346,392,442],"technology":[8],"contains":[9],"a":[10,99,134,149,277,294,306,334,345,384,434],"mixed,":[11],"if":[12],"not":[13,133,276],"contradictory,":[14],"set":[15],"practices":[17],"that":[18,65,79,91,156,230,268,450],"both":[19,407],"support":[20],"undermine":[22],"development":[24],"democratic":[26,190],"sustainable":[28],"societies.The":[29],"tension":[30],"is":[31,127,132,146,263,275,318],"felt":[32],"in":[33,41,128,305,314,366,378,419],"affluent":[35],"North,":[36],"but":[37,280],"even":[38],"more":[39,397],"acutely":[40],"developing":[43],"countries.If":[44],"we":[45,76,292],"were":[46],"to":[47,81,115,248,289,302,382],"adopt":[48],"French":[49],"philosopher":[50],"Etienne":[51],"Balibar's":[52],"notion":[53,321],"\u00e9galibert\u00e9":[55,323],"-the":[56],"unconditional":[57],"demand":[58],"for":[59,185,224,310,344,351,358,386,428],"equality":[60,443],"as":[61,95,98,148,181,196,233,333,394,396,433],"inseparable":[62],"from":[63,118],"freedom":[64],"transcends":[66],"any":[67],"positive":[68],"order":[69],"-in":[70],"context":[72,453],"technology,":[75],"could":[77,340],"claim":[78],"due":[80],"its":[82,272,401],"nature":[83,259,274],"information":[85,131,332],"does":[86],"have":[87,157,174],"tremendous":[88],"revolutionary":[89],"potential.Anything":[90],"can":[92,105,281],"be":[93,106,283,341],"presented":[94,413],"code,":[97],"series":[100],"ones":[102],"zeros,":[104],"copied":[107,284],"with":[108,265,287],"very":[109],"little":[110],"cost":[111],"no":[113],"loss":[114],"original.Thus,":[117],"technological":[120],"point":[121],"view,":[123],"after":[124],"infrastructure":[126],"place":[129],"scarce":[135,278],"resource.Correspondingly,":[136],"on":[137,177,193],"level":[139],"social":[141],"organisation":[142,155,165],"world":[145],"seen":[147],"torch-bearer":[150],"new":[152,183,198,228],"forms":[153,199,451],"radical":[158],"political":[159,326],"implications.Volunteer":[160],"hacker":[161,206,211,261],"organisations":[162,299],"various":[167],"civil":[168],"society":[169],"activities":[170],"through":[171],"Internet":[173],"been":[175],"seen,":[176],"one":[179],"hand,":[180],"providing":[182,343],"blood":[184],"Habermasian":[187],"ideal":[188],"communication":[191],"and,":[192],"other,":[195],"completely":[197],"civic":[201],"self-organisation":[202],"self-management":[204],"(for":[205],"communities":[207,253,262],"theories":[209],"communities,":[212],"see":[213],"Castells,":[214],"1996;":[215],"DiBona":[216],"et":[217],"al,":[218],"1999;Himanen,":[219],"2000).For":[220],"instance,":[221,311],"while":[222],"looking":[223],"examples":[225],"multitudes":[229],"they":[231],"advocate":[232],"basic":[235],"self-organising":[236],"models":[237,427],"future":[239],"politics,":[240],"Michael":[241],"Hardt":[242],"&":[243],"Antonio":[244],"Negri":[245],"(2004,":[246],"pp.301ff.)turn":[247],"free":[249],"open":[251],"source":[252],"related":[255],"activities.When":[256],"self-organisational":[258],"combined":[264],"observation":[267],"code":[270],"by":[271,444],"technical":[273],"resource":[279],"readily":[282],"distributed":[286],"close":[288],"zero":[290],"costs,":[291],"get":[293],"'cybercommunist'":[295],"utopia,":[296],"where":[297,319],"volunteer":[298],"are":[300,417],"able":[301],"manage":[303],"themselves":[304],"post-scarcity":[307],"economy":[308,327],"(see,":[309],"discussions":[313],"\u017di\u017eek":[315],"2001,":[316],"2004).This":[317],"meets":[324],"resources:":[330],"raw":[335],"material,":[336],"tool":[337],"product":[339],"abundant,":[342],"community":[347],"'share-andshare-alike'.The":[349],"motivation":[350],"conference":[353],"'Policy":[354],"Options":[355],"Models":[357],"Bridging":[359],"Digital":[360],"Divides:":[361],"freedom,":[362],"sharing":[363],"sustainability":[365],"global":[368],"network":[369],"society'":[370],"[1]":[371],"held":[372],"at":[373,414],"University":[375],"Tampere":[377],"March":[379],"2005,":[380],"was":[381],"create":[383],"forum":[385],"analyses":[387],"concrete":[389],"ideas":[390],"equality,":[393],"well":[395],"utopian":[398],"views":[399],"possibilities.The":[402],"papers":[403],"assembled":[404],"here":[405],"reflect":[406],"empirical":[409],"theoretical":[411,424],"work":[412],"conference.They":[416],"arranged":[418],"three":[420],"sections:":[421],"case":[422],"studies,":[423],"background":[425,449],"policy.To":[429],"frame":[430],"issue":[432,440],"whole":[435],"let":[436],"us":[437],"introduce":[438],"sketching":[445],"broader":[447],"\u00e9galibertarian":[448],"contributions.":[456]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}