{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2155932495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.469","title":"Are Subjects in Pharmacological Treatment Trials of Depression Representative of Patients in Routine Clinical Practice?","display_name":"Are Subjects in Pharmacological Treatment Trials of Depression Representative of Patients in Routine Clinical Practice?","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2155932495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.469","mag":"2155932495","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11870014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037851075","display_name":"Mark A. Zimmerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8284-9910","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8284-9910"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800446032","display_name":"Rhode Island Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01aw9fv09","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800446032","https://openalex.org/I4210151747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151747","display_name":"Lifespan","ror":"https://ror.org/04yt1rh21","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151747"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Zimmerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA. mzimmerman@lifespan.org","Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA. mzimmerman@lifespan.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330","https://openalex.org/I2800446032","https://openalex.org/I4210151747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330","https://openalex.org/I2800446032"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042111631","display_name":"Jill I. Mattia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jill I. Mattia","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027245589","display_name":"Michael A. Posternak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Posternak","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.6825,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":390,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99272822,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"159","issue":"3","first_page":"469","last_page":"473"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11071","display_name":"Treatment of Major Depression","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/major-depressive-disorder","display_name":"major depressive disorder","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-of-trial-results","display_name":"generalizability of trial results","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipolar-depression","display_name":"bipolar depression","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotic-depression","display_name":"psychotic depression","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comorbid-anxiety","display_name":"anxiety comorbidity","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-use-disorders","display_name":"substance use disorders","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicidal-ideation","display_name":"suicidal ideation","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression-severity","display_name":"depression severity","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outpatients","display_name":"outpatients","score":0.6980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6617640256881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.612665057182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5918086767196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.5688087940216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.561496376991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777596629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858520","display_name":"Inclusion and exclusion criteria","level":3,"score":0.5222799777984619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779177272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76560","display_name":"Antidepressant","level":3,"score":0.5147145390510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.4510174095630646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780051608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42844","display_name":"Major depressive disorder","level":3,"score":0.4484824240207672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3662850856781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31026750802993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.1564769744873047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780733359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331769","display_name":"Mood","level":2,"score":0.07705524563789368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000553","descriptor_name":"Ambulatory Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000928","descriptor_name":"Antidepressive Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001523","descriptor_name":"Mental Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002986","descriptor_name":"Clinical Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003866","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003866","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003866","descriptor_name":"Depressive Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010818","descriptor_name":"Practice Patterns, Physicians'","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011569","descriptor_name":"Psychiatric Status Rating Scales","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015897","descriptor_name":"Comorbidity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018579","descriptor_name":"Patient Selection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116025658","display_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","issn_l":"0002-953X","issn":["0002-953X","1535-7228"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316602","host_organization_name":"American Psychiatric Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychiatric Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11870014","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11870014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of psychiatry","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.550.3779","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.550.3779","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://tigger.uic.edu/classes/psych/psych242/Articles/Zimmerman, Sampling in depression research, AmJrPsy, 2002.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1701386930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MH-56404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4214031426","display_name":"MEASUREMENT AND VALIDITY OF DSM PERSONLITY DISORDERS","funder_award_id":"R29MH048732","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128727216","https://openalex.org/W1972156069","https://openalex.org/W1974395071","https://openalex.org/W1974702488","https://openalex.org/W1976901622","https://openalex.org/W1988870567","https://openalex.org/W2001949258","https://openalex.org/W2009101725","https://openalex.org/W2009274540","https://openalex.org/W2028276153","https://openalex.org/W2050715406","https://openalex.org/W2052818474","https://openalex.org/W2054826326","https://openalex.org/W2067096491","https://openalex.org/W2069595715","https://openalex.org/W2082911868","https://openalex.org/W2109812465","https://openalex.org/W2118418635","https://openalex.org/W2275487654","https://openalex.org/W2318087451","https://openalex.org/W2397560453","https://openalex.org/W2404234735","https://openalex.org/W2406457845","https://openalex.org/W2414448196","https://openalex.org/W2735928575","https://openalex.org/W4242444760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099594326","https://openalex.org/W2090526883","https://openalex.org/W2946236479","https://openalex.org/W2049944497","https://openalex.org/W2114881820","https://openalex.org/W2040583551","https://openalex.org/W2108313882","https://openalex.org/W1983788410","https://openalex.org/W2143892561","https://openalex.org/W2093607147"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,19,168],"methods":[2],"used":[3,23,119],"to":[4,24,127,131,235],"evaluate":[5,236],"the":[6,34,50,60,104,128,146,193],"efficacy":[7,30,55,78,121,140,156,206,232],"of":[8,36,52,62,83,106,123,145,166,170,180,192,217,239],"antidepressants":[9,124],"differ":[10],"from":[11,154,203],"treatment":[12],"for":[13,27,76,138,220],"depression":[14,222],"in":[15,29,54,66,120,211,223],"routine":[16,67,224],"clinical":[17,68,225,245],"practice.":[18,226],"rigorous":[20],"inclusion/exclusion":[21,74,117],"criteria":[22,47,75,118],"select":[25],"subjects":[26,53],"participation":[28],"studies":[31,122],"potentially":[32],"limit":[33],"generalizability":[35],"these":[37,46],"trials'":[38],"results.":[39],"It":[40],"is":[41],"unknown":[42],"how":[43,133],"much":[44],"impact":[45],"have":[48,136,151,188],"on":[49],"representativeness":[51],"trials.":[56],"This":[57],"study":[58],"estimated":[59],"proportion":[61],"depressed":[63,129,148,240],"patients":[64,111,130,149,218],"treated":[65,210,219],"practice":[69,97],"who":[70,89],"would":[71,135,150,187],"meet":[72],"standard":[73],"an":[77,95,139,155,204],"trial.":[79,141,207],"METHOD:":[80],"A":[81],"total":[82],"803":[84],"individuals,":[85],"aged":[86],"16--65":[87],"years,":[88],"were":[90,125],"seen":[91],"at":[92,94],"intake":[93],"outpatient":[96],"underwent":[98],"a":[99,161,171,215,237,243],"thorough":[100],"diagnostic":[101,108],"evaluation,":[102],"including":[103],"administration":[105],"semistructured":[107],"interviews;":[109],"346":[110,147],"had":[112,160],"current":[113,184],"major":[114,200,221],"depression.":[115,167],"Common":[116],"applied":[126],"determine":[132],"many":[134],"qualified":[137],"RESULTS:":[142],"Approximately":[143],"one-sixth":[144],"been":[152],"excluded":[153,189],"trial":[157],"because":[158],"they":[159],"bipolar":[162],"or":[163,174,183],"psychotic":[164],"subtype":[165],"presence":[169],"comorbid":[172],"anxiety":[173],"substance":[175],"use":[176],"disorder,":[177],"insufficient":[178],"severity":[179],"depressive":[181,201],"symptoms,":[182],"suicidal":[185],"ideation":[186],"86.0%":[190],"(N=252)":[191],"remaining":[194],"293":[195],"outpatients":[196],"with":[197,242],"nonpsychotic":[198],"unipolar":[199],"disorder":[202],"antidepressant":[205,212,231],"CONCLUSIONS:":[208],"Subjects":[209],"trials":[213,233],"represent":[214],"minority":[216],"These":[227],"results":[228],"show":[229],"that":[230],"tend":[234],"subset":[238],"individuals":[241],"specific":[244],"profile.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}